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2019年英语一 翻译

题型:翻译来源:2019年英语一 翻译

题目要求

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points)

英文原文与参考译文

It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.

直到我开始撰写一个关于医学期刊的周专栏,并开始从头到尾阅读科学论文,我才意识到许多医学文献常常是多么糟糕。我逐渐能够识别出劣质论文的各种迹象:那种声称每周食用超过一公斤西兰花的人比食用较少者晚年患恶性贫血的可能性高1.17倍的论文。医学期刊中充斥着大量这类无稽之谈,当被广播媒体和大众媒体报道时,既制造了健康恐慌,又引发了短暂的饮食狂热。

Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled "The Natural Selection of Bad Science", published on the Royal Society's open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: Never mind the quality, then, count the number.

为什么会发表如此多的劣质科学研究?最近一篇题为《劣质科学的自然选择》的论文发表在英国皇家学会的开放科学网站上,试图回答这个引人入胜且重要的问题。该论文指出,问题不仅仅在于人们从事劣质科学研究,而在于我们当前的职业晋升体系积极地鼓励这种行为。重要的不是真理,而是发表论文,这几乎已经成

(46)There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. (47)nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.

为目的本身。一种通货膨胀式的过程一直在发挥作用:如今任何申请研究职位的人必须发表的论文数量是10年前同一职位所需数量的两倍。那么,不必在意质量,只需计算数量。

This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.

人们曾试图遏制这种趋势,例如,试图在评估申请人论文时将某种质量衡量标准和数量标准结合起来。这就是著名的引用索引,即一篇论文在科学文献中被引用的次数,其假设是重要论文会比不重要的论文被更频繁地引用。如果不是因为科学家可以轻易安排在其未来的出版物中引用自己,或者让同事为他们这样做以换取类似的好处,这本该是合理的。

Boiling down an individual's output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.

将个人的学术成果归结为简单的指标,如发表数量或期刊影响力,在时间、精力和模糊性方面节省了大量成本。不幸的是,使用简单的量化指标来评估研究人员的价值,其长期代价可能会相当高昂。如果我们真正认真地确保我们的科学既有意义又可重复,我们必须确保我们的机构鼓励那种类型的科学研究。

(48)Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant's papers.

(49)This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.

(50)If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.

划线句与参考译文

(46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

参考译文:医学期刊里充斥着大量这类无稽之谈,这些无稽之谈一旦被广播媒体和非专业的大众报刊拿去传播,就会既制造健康恐慌,又掀起一阵阵昙花一现的饮食热潮。

采分点解析:【意群】There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals(主干(there be 句))★ 采分→医学期刊里有大量这类无稽之谈 难点:this kind of nonsense 回指 + nonsense 取义 this kind of nonsense 须按第一步还原成第 1 段那类伪相关结论 people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely...to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia,译「这类无稽之谈/胡说」;nonsense 不是「废话」,在此是「毫无道 理的伪科学结论」。 which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,(which 定语从句 + 内嵌 when 时间状 语)★采分→这些无稽之谈,当被广播媒体和非专业大众媒体采纳时 难点:which 指代 nonsense;taken up 与 lay press 取义 which 指代的是前面的 nonsense(这类伪科学),不是 journals——看后文「制造健康恐慌」 可反推;take up 在此是「采纳、拿来传播」而非「拿起」;the lay press 的 lay 是熟词僻义 「外行的、非专业的」,指面向大众的通俗媒体。 generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.(which 从句的谓语(与 generates 主体是 which=nonsense))★采分→既制造健康恐慌,又制造昙花一现的饮食热潮 难点:short-lived 与 dietary enthusiasms 具体化 short-lived 直译「短命的」不通,汉化为「昙花一现的、来去匆匆的」;dietary enthusiasms 抽象名词具体化为「(一阵阵的)饮食热/养生热」,比硬译「饮食热情」自然。 【调序】which 定语从句较长,拆成后置分句 which 引导的从句较长、还套着 when 插入语,若硬提到先行词前译成「……的无稽之谈」会冗 长难读。宜把先行词 nonsense 用「这类无稽之谈」重复一次另起一句,再接「一旦被……采纳, 就会制造……」;when taken up by... 这段被动插入语转成主动「(这类无稽之谈)一旦被…… 采纳」。

(47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.

参考译文:如今,任何申请研究职位的人,其发表的论文数量都必须达到仅仅10年前申请同一职位所要求篇数的两倍。

采分点解析:【意群】nowadays anyone applying for a research post(时间状语 + 主语(含 applying 现在分词后置定 语))★采分→如今任何申请研究职位的人 难点:applying for 现在分词作后置定语;post 取义 applying for a research post 是现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰 anyone,等于 anyone who applies for...,汉化时前移译成「申请研究职位的(任何人)」;post 是熟词僻义「职位、岗 位」,不是「邮件/柱子」。 has to have published twice the number of papers(谓语(完成式不定式)+ 宾语)★采分→必须 已经发表了两倍数量的论文 难点:twice the number of 倍数表达 twice the number of papers 是「论文数量的两倍」,即「两倍数量的论文」;has to have published 是「必须已经发表」(完成式强调到申请时已完成),不要漏掉「已经」这层完成 意味。 that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.(that 定语从句修饰 the number of papers(含虚拟语气))★采分→(这一数量是)仅仅 10 年前申请同一职位本会被 要求的 难点:比较基准还原 + would have been required 虚拟 that 从句修饰 the number(论文数量),交代对照基准:把 twice 还原成完整比较——「是 10 年前申请同一职位所要求篇数的两倍」。would have been required 是对过去的虚拟「(当 年)本会要求的」,译时点出「(10 年前)所要求的」即可,不必生硬带「本会」。 【调序】that 比较从句前移,整合成「是……的两倍」 twice 和它的比较基准(that 从句)原文分隔在两端,汉语要合到一处。把 that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago 提前整合,译成「……是 10 年前申请同一 职位所要求篇数的两倍」,让倍数和基准紧挨着,读者一眼看清比的是什么。

(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant's papers.

参考译文:人们已经做出种种努力来遏制这种倾向,例如,设法把对质量(而不只是数量)的某种衡量标准,纳入对申请者论文的评估当中。

采分点解析:【意群】Attempts have been made to curb this tendency,(主干(被动)+ to 不定式作目的)★采分→ (人们)已经做出种种努力来遏制这种倾向 难点:被动语态转主动 + this tendency 还原 + curb 取义 Attempts have been made 是被动,汉语宜转无主句/主动「(人们)已做出努力」;this tendency 按第一步回指第 2 段 Never mind the quality, then, count the number.,指「只数 论文篇数、不顾质量」的倾向;curb 是「遏制、抑制」,非「路缘」。 for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity(举例 + by 方式状语(incorporate...))★采分→例如,通过设法把某种对质量和数量的衡量都纳入 难点:A as well as B 语序 + incorporate...into 搭配 + measure 取义 quality as well as quantity 重心在 quality,意为「不仅数量、还有质量」,译时把质量摆出 来;incorporate A into B 是「把 A 纳入 B」固定搭配,into 的宾语在下一块;measure 此处 是「衡量标准、尺度」,不是「措施」。 into the assessment of an applicant's papers.(into 介词短语(incorporate 的去向))★采分→纳 入对申请者论文的评估之中 难点:assessment of...承接 incorporate into 这块是 incorporate...into 的落点,与上一块连读:把质量衡量「纳入对申请者论文的评估当 中」。assessment 译「评估、考评」。 【调序】被动转主动 + by 状语理顺为「通过……来……」 Attempts have been made 被动转成「(人们)做出了种种努力」;to curb this tendency 作目 的,译「来遏制这种倾向」;by trying to incorporate... 方式状语顺接为「例如,(其办法是) 设法把……纳入……」。整句按「做出努力—为遏制倾向—具体办法是……」的汉语顺序铺开。

(49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.

参考译文:如果不是因为存在这样一个事实,这种做法本来是合理的:科学家可以轻而易举地安排在自己日后的论文里引用自己,或者让同行替他们这样做,作为回报再给对方类似的好处。

采分点解析:【意群】This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that(主句(虚拟)+ if it were not for 条件 + that 同位语引导)★采分→要不是因为这样一个事实,这种做法本来是合理的 难点:if it were not for 虚拟句型 + This 回指 if it were not for... 是固定虚拟句型「要不是因为……」,全句是与现实相反的假设,主句 would be 译「本来会是」;This 回指第 3 段用引用指数评判论文的做法 the famed citation index,译「这种(用引用指数评判的)做法」更清楚。 scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications,(the fact 的同位语从 句(前半))★采分→科学家可以轻而易举地安排在自己未来的论文里引用自己 难点:cite themselves 自引 + arrange to 取义 cite themselves「引用自己(的论文)」即学界所谓「自引」;arrange to 此处是「设法安排 去做」;这块点破第 3 段引用指数 the number of times a paper has been quoted 可被人为 操纵——自己引自己来刷被引次数。 or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.(同位语从句(后半,与前半并 列))★采分→或者让同行替他们这样做,以换取类似的回报 难点:get sb to do / do so 回指 / in return for / favours get associates to do so 是「让同行(伙伴)这样做」,do so 回指上一块的 cite(即替他们引 用);associates「同行、同事」;in return for similar favours「作为回报、投桃报李」, favours 是「人情、帮忙」,不是「偏爱」。 【调序】if 条件前置 + that 同位语拆成解释句 汉语习惯把条件放前、结论放后,故把 if it were not for the fact 提到句首译「要不是因为存在这 样一个事实」,主句 This would be reasonable 放后译「这种做法本来是合理的」;that 引导的 同位语从句较长,拆出来另起,用冒号或「即」承接,把「科学家如何操纵自引」展开说。

(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.

参考译文:如果我们真心想确保自己的科学既有意义又能被重复验证,我们就必须确保我们的(科研)制度鼓励的正是这种科学。

采分点解析:【意群】If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible,(if 条件 状语从句(含 about ensuring that 宾语从句))★采分→如果我们真的想确保我们的科学既有意 义又可重复 难点:be serious about 取义 + reproducible 术语 be serious about doing 是「认真对待、真想做某事」,不是「严肃」;reproducible 是科研 术语「可重复(验证)的」,指实验结果能被他人重做出来,不可译成「可复制」; both...and... 两项 meaningful、reproducible 都要译出。 we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.(主句 + that 宾语从句)★ 采分→我们就必须确保我们的体制鼓励那种科学 难点:institutions 取义 + that kind of science 回指 institutions 此处是「(科研)体制、制度/机构」而非「学院」,结合全文批判评价制度,取 「制度/体制」更贴;that kind of science 回指本句前半 science is both meaningful and reproducible,须译实成「这种既有意义又可重复的科学」,不能含糊译「那种科学」。 【调序】if 从句在前、主句在后,顺译即可 原句语序「If..., we must...」与汉语「如果……,我们就必须……」完全吻合,属基本无需调序的平 铺句,顺着译即可。唯一要动的是把句末 that kind of science 展开还原成「这种既有意义又可重 复的科学」。

说明

逐句解析 句前 (N) 即考卷划线句题号,与卷面下划线句一一对应——满分 10 分、每句约 2 分,阅卷把每句切成意群按采 分点给分(★ 为采分点意群)。 【来源】The Spectator《旁观者》2017.06.06-篇题为Why is so much bad science published(为 什么这么多劣质科学文章被发表)的文章。 【主旨】现行科研评价体系催生大量劣质科学 全篇是一篇带批判态度的社科评论:作者从亲身读医学论文谈起,指出医学文献里充斥伪科学,进 而追问 Why is so much bad science published?,答案是 our current system of career advancement positively encourages it——评价体系重发表数量、轻真理质量,连引用指数也能 被操纵。定调要害是 What is important is not truth, but publication,全文凡涉及 quality/ quantity、citation、metrics 的褒贬取义都得贴着这个批判基调。

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