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2018年英语一 翻译

题型:翻译来源:2018年英语一 翻译

题目要求

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points)

英文原文与参考译文

Shakespeare's lifetime was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and

莎士比亚的一生恰逢戏剧领域一个异常活跃和成就非凡的时期。在他出生之时,欧洲正见证着宗教戏剧的消逝,以及在古典悲剧和喜剧激励下新形式的诞生。这些新形式起初主要由学者创作并由业余演员表演,但在英国,如同西欧其他地方一样,一个职业演员阶层的成长正威胁着要使戏剧大众化,无论它是新是旧,是古典还是中世纪的,是文学性的还是闹剧性的。宫廷、学校、业余团体和巡回演员都在竞相满足人们对戏剧娱乐的广泛需求;任何上过文法学校的男孩都不会不知道,戏剧是一种为希腊和罗马带来荣耀、也可能为英国赢得荣誉的文学形式。

When Shakespeare was twelve years old the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for schools or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul's and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court. By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had (46)By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. (47)no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England. (48)But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage – where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.

当莎士比亚十二岁时,伦敦建成了第一座公共剧场。有一段时间,文学界对这个公共舞台并不感兴趣。追求文学声望的戏剧是为学校或宫廷创作的,或是为圣保罗大教堂和皇家教堂的唱诗班男孩创作的,不过这些男孩既在宫廷也在公众场合演出戏剧。但职业剧团在其固定剧场中蓬勃发展,而具有文学抱负的大学人士很快转向这些剧场,将其视为一种谋生手段。到莎士比亚二十五岁时,Lyly、Peele和Greene已经创作出既受欢迎又具文学性的喜剧;Kyd写出了一部让剧场池座座无虚席的悲剧;而Marlowe则将诗歌和天才带到了普通舞台上并取得了胜利——自Euripides去世后,它们在那里就不曾出现过。一种本土的文学戏剧已经诞生,它与公共剧场的联盟已经确立,而且它至少已经开创了一些伟大的传统。

The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants.

此后二十五年间伊丽莎白时代戏剧的发展对于文学史研究者来说具有特殊的意义,因为在这短暂的时期内,我们可以追溯许多戏剧类型和许多伟大事业的开端、成长、繁盛和衰落。今天,我们对所创作的戏剧的数量之多感到惊讶,同样令人惊讶的还有在这个拥有二十万居民的伦敦同时为之写作的剧作家的数量。要认识到戏剧活动有多么繁荣,我们还必须记住,大量的戏剧已经失传,而且可能没有任何一位知名作家的全部作品得以保存下来。

(49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.

(50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.

划线句与参考译文

(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.

参考译文:到他(莎士比亚)出生的时候,欧洲正见证着宗教剧的消逝,以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的推动下新戏剧形式的诞生。

采分点解析:【意群】By the date of his birth(时间状语)★采分→到他出生的时候 难点:his 回指莎士比亚 + by the date of 译『到……时』 his 是孤立看不出的代词,须按第一步还原表回指 Shakespeare's lifetime,即莎士比亚,可译 『他(莎士比亚)出生时』。by the date of 不是『在……的日期旁』,date 此处指时间点,整 短语意为『到……这个时候』。 Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama,(主干主谓宾(第一个宾语))★采分 →欧洲正目睹着宗教剧的消逝 难点:witness 熟词僻义『见证/经历』+ passing 僻义『消逝』 witness 此处不是『目击(罪案)』,而是『(某地、某时代)见证、经历』;the passing 不 是『通过』,passing 在此是『消逝、消亡、退场』之义(指 the religious drama 宗教剧逐渐 退出历史舞台)。这两处熟词僻义是本块难点。 and the creation of new forms(主干宾语(第二个宾语,与 the passing 并列))★采分→以及新 形式的诞生 难点:creation 与前面 passing 并列、同作 witnessing 的宾语 the creation of new forms 和前面 the passing of the religious drama 由 and 并列,共同作 was witnessing 的宾语:欧洲既目睹旧剧『消逝』、又目睹新形式『诞生』。抽象名词 the creation 可具体化为动作『(新形式的)产生、出现』,避免『新形式的创造』这种生硬译法。 under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.(介词短语作状语(修饰 creation))★采分 →在古典悲剧和喜剧的激励之下 难点:incentive 译『推动/激励』+ classical 译『古典(希腊罗马)的』 incentive 此处是『刺激、推动、激励』,under the incentive of 意为『在……的推动下』; classical 在文学史语境里特指『古典的』,即古希腊罗马的悲剧喜剧(呼应下段 Greece and Rome),不要译成『经典的』。 【调序】时间状语提前 + 两个并列宾语用『目睹……,又目睹……』串接 英语 By the date of his birth 时间状语在句首,汉语本就习惯时间在前,原序保留即可。was witnessing 后接两个并列宾语,汉语为读通可重复动词:『欧洲目睹着宗教剧的消逝,也目睹 着……新形式的诞生』。句末状语 under the incentive of… 修饰 creation,按汉语『状语在中心 词前』提到『新形式的诞生』之前译成『在古典悲喜剧推动下(产生的)新形式』。

(47) no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.

参考译文:凡是上过文法学校的男孩,没有谁会不知道:戏剧是一种文学形式,它曾为希腊和罗马带来荣耀,或许将来还会为英国增光。

采分点解析:【意群】no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant(主干(含 who 定语从句)+ 双重否定) ★采分→没有哪个上过文法学校的男孩会不知道 难点:no…ignorant 双重否定 + grammar school 固定译名 no(否定主语)+ be ignorant(『不知道、无知』本身含否定)= 双重否定,须译成肯定语 气:『凡是上过……的男孩,都知道』,或保留『没有谁会不知道』。这是 A6 含蓄否定的盲 区,直译『没有男孩能无知』会读不通。grammar school 是历史专名『文法学校』(教授拉丁 语法的中学),不要望文译成『语法学校』。 that the drama was a form of literature(ignorant 后的 that 宾语从句(主干))★采分→戏剧是 文学的一种形式 难点:a form of literature 译『一种文学形式』 that 引导 be ignorant of 的内容从句(of 省略),是『(不)知道』的具体内容;a form of literature 即『一种文学形式/文学样式』,drama 仍按全篇统一译『戏剧』。 which gave glory to Greece and Rome(which 后置定语从句(修饰 literature))★采分→这种文 学形式曾为希腊和罗马带来荣耀 难点:which 指 a form of literature(即戏剧)+ gave glory to 译『给……带来荣耀』 which 的先行词是 a form of literature(亦即 the drama);gave glory to 不是『给希腊罗马 以荣耀地』,glory 作宾语,意为『(曾)为希腊和罗马增光/带来荣耀』,呼应上文 classical 古典戏剧的辉煌。 and might yet bring honor to England.(与 gave 并列的第二个谓语(同属 which 从句))★采分→ 并且或许还会给英国带来荣誉 难点:yet 译『(将来)还/仍』+ 与 gave glory 并列 and 连接 which 从句内两个谓语 gave… 和 might yet bring…;yet 在此不是『但是』,而是 『(迄今尚未、但将来)还会、仍会』之义,might yet bring honor 译『(将来)或许还会给 英国带来荣誉』,与前面给希腊罗马带来荣耀形成『过去—未来』呼应。 【调序】双重否定转肯定 + which 长定语从句拆成后置分句 1 主干双重否定 no…ignorant 调为肯定:『凡上过文法学校的男孩,都明白……』,who 定语从 句较短前移作『……的男孩』。2 which 引导的定语从句很长、内含 and 并列两个谓语,不宜前移 塞进先行词前,宜拆出来后置,用代词或重复先行词另起一分句:『这种文学形式曾为希腊和罗马 带来荣耀,(将来)也许还会为英国增光』。

(48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.

参考译文:但是,职业剧团在自己的常设剧场里日渐兴盛,怀有文学抱负的大学才子们也纷纷转向这些剧场,因为剧场为他们提供了一种谋生的手段。

采分点解析:【意群】But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters,(第一个并列分句(主干主 谓+地点状语))★采分→但是职业剧团在他们的常设剧场里兴盛起来 难点:companies 熟词僻义『剧团』+ permanent theaters『常设剧场』 company 此处不是『公司』,戏剧语境中 the professional companies 指『职业(演出) 剧团/戏班』;their 回指 companies;permanent theaters 与上文临时演出相对,指『固 定的/常设的剧场』(呼应 the first public playhouse was built)。prospered 译『兴盛、 繁荣』。 and university men with literary ambitions(第二个并列分句的主语(with 介词短语作定语))★采 分→怀有文学抱负的大学才子们 难点:university men 译『大学才子/受过大学教育的人』+ with 短语后置定语前移 university men 不是泛泛『大学里的男人』,指『受过大学教育、有学问的人(大学才子)』; with literary ambitions 是后置定语修饰 university men,汉语提前译『怀有文学抱负的(大学 才子)』。 were quick to turn to these theaters(第二分句谓语)★采分→很快转向这些剧场 难点:be quick to do 译『迅速/急于做』+ these theaters 回指常设剧场 be quick to do 不是『在剧场里很快』,固定结构意为『迅速地、急于(做某事)』;turn to 此处是『转向、投身于』;these theaters 回指上文 their permanent theaters,即那些常设剧 场,须还原指代。 as offering a means of livelihood.(as 引导的方式/原因状语(非谓语 offering))★采分→因为 (这些剧场)提供了一种谋生手段 难点:as offering 表原因『因其提供』+ a means of livelihood 固定搭配 as + 现在分词 offering 在此表原因/看待方式,意为『把剧场看作(因其)提供……』,可译 『因为它们提供了……』;a means of livelihood 是固定搭配,means 此处是单复同形的『手 段、方法』,译『一种谋生(的)手段』,不要把 means 误当复数或译『意义』。 【调序】with 后置定语前移 + as offering 译成原因分句 1 university men with literary ambitions:with 短语后置定语提到中心词前,译『怀有文学抱 负的大学才子』。2 as offering a means of livelihood:非谓语状语转译为原因小句『因为(这 些剧场)能提供一种谋生手段』,放到主句之后或之前皆可,汉语习惯把原因略前置或顺承。两个 并列分句用『……,而……』连接,保留 But 的转折。

(49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.

参考译文:一种本土的文学戏剧已经诞生,它与公共剧场的结合也已建立,而且它至少有一些伟大的传统已经开创。

采分点解析:【意群】A native literary drama had been created,(第一个并列分句(被动语态主干))★采分→一种本土 的文学戏剧已经被创造出来 难点:native 译『本土的』+ had been created 被动转主动/无主句 native 此处指『本国的、本土的』(与上文从外国引入的 classical 古典剧相对);had been created 是被动语态,汉语可转主动或无主句『(一种本土文学戏剧)已经诞生/已经形成』, 避免『被创造』的翻译腔。这是后两个分句两个 its 的回指对象,须记牢。 its alliance with the public playhouses established,(第二个并列分句(独立主格结构,省略 had been))★采分→它与公共剧场的同盟已经建立 难点:its 回指 native literary drama + alliance 译『结合/联盟』+ 省略 had been its 回指首句 A native literary drama,译『这种戏剧的』;alliance 不一定译『军事同盟』, 此处指戏剧与剧场的『结合、联系、联盟』;本分句是独立主格,established 前省略了 had been(承前),补全为 its alliance… had been established,译『(这种戏剧)与公共剧场的 结合也已建立』。 and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.(第三个并列分句(被动语态))★采分 →并且至少它的一些伟大传统已经开始 难点:its 再次回指该戏剧 + at least some of 程度范围词 + had been begun 被动 第二个 its 仍回指 A native literary drama;at least some of 是程度/范围限定『至少一部 分』,不可漏译或译成『所有』(A7 程度范围词失察);its great traditions 译『它的一些伟 大传统』,had been begun 被动转主动『已经开创/已经奠定』。 【调序】三个被动并列分句统一转主动 + its 还原为名词 三个分句结构平行,逐一把被动转为汉语主动/完成态:had been created→『已经诞生/形 成』;(had been)established→『已经建立』;had been begun→『已经开创』。两个 its 还原为『这种戏剧的』。三句用『……,……,而……』顺承并列,保持原文层层推进(戏剧诞生→ 与剧场结合→传统开创)的气势。

(50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.

参考译文:要想认识到当时的戏剧活动多么繁荣,我们还必须记住:大量剧本已经失传,而且很可能没有哪一位知名作家的全部作品能够完整地流传至今。

采分点解析:【意群】To realize how great was the dramatic activity,(目的状语(to do)+ 内含感叹/倒装宾语从句)★ 采分→要认识到戏剧活动有多么繁荣 难点:To realize 目的状语提前 + how great was… 倒装 + dramatic activity 术语 句首 To realize… 是目的状语,译『要(想)认识到……』;how great was the dramatic activity 是 realize 的宾语从句,how great 提前引起的倒装,还原语序为 how great the dramatic activity was,译『戏剧活动(创作)有多么繁荣/空前活跃』;dramatic activity 承 上文 the dramatic activity,统一术语。 we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost,(主干主谓 + 第一个 that 宾语从 句)★采分→我们必须进一步记住,大量剧本已经失传 难点:hosts of 熟词僻义『大量的』+ further 译『进一步』+ have been lost『失传』 hosts of 不是『主人们』,host of / hosts of 是固定搭配『大量的、许多的』;further 此处是 『进一步、还要』;have been lost 被动,结合 plays(剧本)语境译『已经失传/散佚』,比 『被丢失』地道。 and that probably there is no author of note(第二个 that 宾语从句(与前并列)的主干)★采分→ 而且大概没有哪个知名作家 难点:of note 熟词僻义『有名的』+ no…(双重否定铺垫) and that 与前一个 that 并列、同作 remember 的宾语;author of note 中 of note 是固定短 语『有名的、知名的』(note 此处=名声),译『知名作家/有名望的作家』,不是『笔记』; probably 译『大概、很可能』;no author… 与下文 whose entire work has survived 配合构 成『没有谁……是完整保存的』的含蓄否定。 whose entire work has survived.(whose 后置定语从句(修饰 author))★采分→其全部作品都 流传了下来 难点:whose 指 author + survive 熟词僻义『留存/流传至今』+ 与 no 合成『没有谁的全部 作品都留存』 whose 的先行词是 author of note;survive 此处不是『幸存(于灾难)』,而是『(作品)留 存、流传至今』;no author… whose entire work has survived 直译『没有作家其全部作品都 留存了』,即『几乎没有哪位名家的作品能完整流传下来』,这一含蓄否定要译出『几乎没 有……是完整的』的意味。 【调序】目的状语前置 + how great 倒装还原 + whose 定语从句后置 1 To realize… 目的状语汉语习惯放句首,译『要想认识到……』。2 how great was the dramatic activity 倒装还原为陈述语序再译『戏剧活动有多么繁荣』。3 两个 that 宾语从句顺译 为『记住:一是……,二是……』。4 no author of note whose entire work has survived: whose 定语从句若前移会很长,宜与主句合译为一个否定判断『几乎没有哪位知名作家的全部作品 能完整流传下来』。

说明

逐句解析 句前 (N) 即考卷划线句题号,与卷面下划线句一一对应——满分 10 分、每句约 2 分,阅卷把每句切成意群按采 分点给分(★ 为采分点意群)。 【来源】William Neilson与Ashley Thorndike合著的The Facts About Shakespeare 一书中的第五 章 The Elizabethan Drama。 【主旨】莎士比亚时代英国本土戏剧的兴起与繁荣 全篇是一段戏剧史综述,态度客观、略带赞叹。开篇即定调:Shakespeare's lifetime was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama——莎士比 亚一生恰逢戏剧空前活跃、成就辉煌的时期。后文顺时间线讲:旧的宗教剧退场、古典悲喜剧催生 新形式(第1段)→职业剧团兴盛、本土文学戏剧诞生(第2段)→伊丽莎白时代戏剧的繁盛(第3 段)。这个『戏剧史、褒扬』的基调是判断后面 glory/honor/great traditions 等词取褒义、术 语统一译法的语境底座。

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