Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points)
Shakespeare's lifetime was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama. These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and
莎士比亚的一生恰逢戏剧领域一个异常活跃和成就非凡的时期。在他出生之时,欧洲正见证着宗教戏剧的消逝,以及在古典悲剧和喜剧激励下新形式的诞生。这些新形式起初主要由学者创作并由业余演员表演,但在英国,如同西欧其他地方一样,一个职业演员阶层的成长正威胁着要使戏剧大众化,无论它是新是旧,是古典还是中世纪的,是文学性的还是闹剧性的。宫廷、学校、业余团体和巡回演员都在竞相满足人们对戏剧娱乐的广泛需求;任何上过文法学校的男孩都不会不知道,戏剧是一种为希腊和罗马带来荣耀、也可能为英国赢得荣誉的文学形式。
When Shakespeare was twelve years old the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literary distinction were written for schools or court, or for the choir boys of St. Paul's and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at court. By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had (46)By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. (47)no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England. (48)But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage – where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.
当莎士比亚十二岁时,伦敦建成了第一座公共剧场。有一段时间,文学界对这个公共舞台并不感兴趣。追求文学声望的戏剧是为学校或宫廷创作的,或是为圣保罗大教堂和皇家教堂的唱诗班男孩创作的,不过这些男孩既在宫廷也在公众场合演出戏剧。但职业剧团在其固定剧场中蓬勃发展,而具有文学抱负的大学人士很快转向这些剧场,将其视为一种谋生手段。到莎士比亚二十五岁时,Lyly、Peele和Greene已经创作出既受欢迎又具文学性的喜剧;Kyd写出了一部让剧场池座座无虚席的悲剧;而Marlowe则将诗歌和天才带到了普通舞台上并取得了胜利——自Euripides去世后,它们在那里就不曾出现过。一种本土的文学戏剧已经诞生,它与公共剧场的联盟已经确立,而且它至少已经开创了一些伟大的传统。
The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literary history, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, growth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced, as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants.
此后二十五年间伊丽莎白时代戏剧的发展对于文学史研究者来说具有特殊的意义,因为在这短暂的时期内,我们可以追溯许多戏剧类型和许多伟大事业的开端、成长、繁盛和衰落。今天,我们对所创作的戏剧的数量之多感到惊讶,同样令人惊讶的还有在这个拥有二十万居民的伦敦同时为之写作的剧作家的数量。要认识到戏剧活动有多么繁荣,我们还必须记住,大量的戏剧已经失传,而且可能没有任何一位知名作家的全部作品得以保存下来。
(49)A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
(50)To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.
参考译文:到他(莎士比亚)出生的时候,欧洲正见证着宗教剧的消逝,以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的推动下新戏剧形式的诞生。
(47) no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.
参考译文:凡是上过文法学校的男孩,没有谁会不知道:戏剧是一种文学形式,它曾为希腊和罗马带来荣耀,或许将来还会为英国增光。
(48) But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literary ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood.
参考译文:但是,职业剧团在自己的常设剧场里日渐兴盛,怀有文学抱负的大学才子们也纷纷转向这些剧场,因为剧场为他们提供了一种谋生的手段。
(49) A native literary drama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.
参考译文:一种本土的文学戏剧已经诞生,它与公共剧场的结合也已建立,而且它至少有一些伟大的传统已经开创。
(50) To realize how great was the dramatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has survived.
参考译文:要想认识到当时的戏剧活动多么繁荣,我们还必须记住:大量剧本已经失传,而且很可能没有哪一位知名作家的全部作品能够完整地流传至今。
逐句解析 句前 (N) 即考卷划线句题号,与卷面下划线句一一对应——满分 10 分、每句约 2 分,阅卷把每句切成意群按采 分点给分(★ 为采分点意群)。 【来源】William Neilson与Ashley Thorndike合著的The Facts About Shakespeare 一书中的第五 章 The Elizabethan Drama。 【主旨】莎士比亚时代英国本土戏剧的兴起与繁荣 全篇是一段戏剧史综述,态度客观、略带赞叹。开篇即定调:Shakespeare's lifetime was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama——莎士比 亚一生恰逢戏剧空前活跃、成就辉煌的时期。后文顺时间线讲:旧的宗教剧退场、古典悲喜剧催生 新形式(第1段)→职业剧团兴盛、本土文学戏剧诞生(第2段)→伊丽莎白时代戏剧的繁盛(第3 段)。这个『戏剧史、褒扬』的基调是判断后面 glory/honor/great traditions 等词取褒义、术 语统一译法的语境底座。
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