Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points)
英文原文与参考译文
Innovation and research have relied on public participation in science for centuries. It was a musician who discovered the planet Uranus in the 18th century by making his own telescope with mirrors composed of copper and tin. Citizen science provides an opportunity for greater public engagement and the democratisation of science.
In the information era, large data sets, small teams and financial restrictions have slowed scientific process. Anyone can be a citizen scientist, regardless of age, nationality or academic experience. You don't even need any formal training, just an inquisitive mind and the enthusiasm to join one of the thousands of citizen science projects to generate new knowledge and the means to understand a genuine scientific outcome.
They've (46)Recent decades have seen science move into a convention where engagement in the subject can only be done through institutions such as a university. (47)But by utilising the natural curiosity of the general public it is possible to overcome many of these challenges by engaging non-scientists directly in the research process. (48)Scientists have employed a variety of ways to engage the general public in their research, such as making data analysis into an online game or sample collection into a smartphone application. implored citizen scientists to help with bug counting and categorising cancer cells, and even identifying distant galaxies.
This form of accessible science means that great minds are able to join the race to create and develop projects with the potential to change the world. A citizen science-based approach can extend the field of vision and include more ideas and different brains to problem-solve and create, making innovation faster and more effective.
There are around 40 official do-it-yourself biology centres across the globe in locations including Paris, London, Sydney, and Tel Aviv. So is it time to take the Petri dish out of the laboratory and into the garage?
(49)These groups of people are part of a rapidly expanding biotechnological social movement of citizen scientists and professional scientists seeking to take discovery out of institutions and put it into the hands of anyone with the enthusiasm.
(50)They pool resources, collaborate, think outside the box, and find solutions and ways around obstacles to explore science for the sake of science without the traditional boundaries of working inside a formal setting.
划线句与参考译文
(46) Recent decades have seen science move into a convention where engagement in the subject can only be done through institutions such as a university.
采分点解析:【意群】Recent decades have seen science move into a convention(主干(see sb. do 结构,主语为时
间))★采分→近几十年看到科学走进了一种惯例
难点:时间作主语的 see 结构=「在……期间,……发生了」
Recent decades have seen science move... 是考研英语一高频句式:用时间段作主语+see+
宾语+宾补(动词原形),意思不是「几十年看见了」,而是「近几十年来,科学(发生
了)……」。务必把英文的拟人主语「拆掉」、还原为汉语的时间状语。convention 这里也不是
「大会」,而是熟词僻义「惯例/常规做法」。
where engagement in the subject can only be done(where 引导的定语从句(修饰 convention))
★采分→在这种惯例中对该学科的参与只能被进行
难点:where = in which,被动态硬译会绕口
where 不指地点,而是 in which=「在这一惯例下」。engagement in the subject 是抽象
名词短语,subject 指 science(上文话题),可具体化为「对科学的参与/从事科学研究」。
can only be done 被动直译「只能被做」很别扭,汉化时转主动或译成「只能通过……进行/
开展」。
through institutions such as a university.(方式状语(through 短语))★采分→通过像大学这样
的机构
难点:such as a university 单数泛指
a university 是单数泛指一类,译成「大学等机构」即可,无需译「一所大学」。institutions 这
里偏中性「(科研)机构」,结合上下文「公民科学打破院墙」的基调,可译「(大学这样的)
正式机构」。
【调序】时间主语转状语+定语从句前置或拆句
本句需要两处调序:1 主语 Recent decades 不能直译为汉语主语,要把它降级为时间状语「近几
十年来」,原宾语 science 升级为汉语主语「科学」;2 where 引导的定语从句较长,强行用
「的」字前置会变成「只能通过大学等机构进行参与的一种惯例」这种翻译腔,更顺的做法是拆成
两个分句:先说「科学进入了一种惯例」,再用「在这种惯例下/按照这种惯例」承接下文,让汉
语小句一短一短地推进。
(47) But by utilising the natural curiosity of the general public it is possible to overcome many of these challenges by engaging non-scientists directly in the research process.
采分点解析:【意群】But by utilising the natural curiosity of the general public(方式状语(by + 动名词短语))★采
分→但是,通过利用普通公众的天然好奇心
难点:by + V-ing 是方式状语,不是被动
by utilising 不是被动语态,而是「通过……」的方式状语。general public 是固定搭配「普通公
众/社会大众」,不要逐字译成「一般的公众」。natural curiosity 译「天然的好奇心/与生俱
来的好奇心」皆可,结合本文褒义基调取偏褒义的表达。
it is possible to overcome many of these challenges(主干(it 形式主语+to do 真主语))★采分
→有可能克服许多这些挑战
难点:these challenges 必须回上句还原
these challenges 不能孤立译成「这些挑战」,按通读建境锁定,它指 large data sets, small
teams and financial restrictions have slowed scientific process,即「庞大数据、小团队、
经费紧张」等科研瓶颈。翻译时不必把指代说破,但可灵活处理为「这些(科研)难题/瓶
颈」,让读者知道指的是上文那些。it is possible 是常用的形式主语句,对应汉语「就有可能/
就能够」。
by engaging non-scientists directly in the research process.(方式状语(第二个 by + 动名词短
语))★采分→通过让非科学家直接参与到研究过程中
难点:engage sb. in sth. = 让某人参与某事
engage 在本文是高频词(engagement、engaging、engage the general public),统一
取「使……参与」的义项,不要译成「雇佣」或「订婚」。non-scientists 是「非科学家/非专
业人士」,对应上句的 general public。directly 修饰「参与」的方式,要紧贴动词译「直接
参与」。
【调序】两个 by 方式状语前置,主干落中间
英语习惯把主句 it is possible to... 放前面,方式状语 by... 放尾巴;汉语习惯反过来——先讲「通
过什么手段」,再说「就能达到什么结果」。所以本句调序:把句首的 by utilising... 保留原位作
大前提;把句尾的 by engaging... 也提前到主干前,与第一个 by 并列;最后落「就有可能克服这
些难题」。这样一气呵成,符合汉语「条件/手段→结果」的表达顺序。
(48) Scientists have employed a variety of ways to engage the general public in their research, such as making data analysis into an online game or sample collection into a smartphone application.
采分点解析:【意群】Scientists have employed a variety of ways(主干(主谓宾))★采分→科学家已经采用了多种
方式
难点:employ 在科研语境里=「采用/使用」
employ 是熟词僻义高发词:日常义「雇佣」,学术英语里高频取「采用/使用/运用」。本句
宾语是 ways(方式),与「雇佣」搭不上,必须取「采用」。a variety of ways=「多种方式
/各种各样的方法」,是固定搭配。
to engage the general public in their research,(目的状语(to do))★采分→来让公众参与到
他们的研究中
难点:engage sb. in sth. 与上句术语一致
再次出现 engage sb. in sth.,与句 47 的 engaging non-scientists in... 句式相同,必须译成
「让/使……参与到……」,与全文术语「参与」保持一致。their 指代上文 Scientists 的研究,
可译「自己的研究」或省略所有格,按汉语习惯通常省略。
such as making data analysis into an online game(举例状语(such as + 动名词))★采分→例
如把数据分析做成在线游戏
难点:make A into B = 把 A 变成 B
make A into B 是固定结构「把 A 改造成/变成 B」,不要逐字译「使 A 进入 B」。data
analysis 是术语「数据分析」,online game 是「在线游戏/网络游戏」。这一块和下一块是
such as 后并列的两个例子,要保持平行结构。
or sample collection into a smartphone application.(举例状语并列项(省略 making))→或者
把样本采集做成手机应用
难点:并列省略 making,要补回来
这一块前面省略了重复的 making:or (making) sample collection into a smartphone
application。翻译时必须把动词补回,否则汉语会断气。sample collection=「样本采集/标
本收集」,smartphone application=「手机应用/智能手机程序/手机 App」,三种译法都
可接受。
【调序】举例 such as 紧贴宾语 ways 译出
本句基本是「主+谓+宾+举例」的平铺结构,汉语顺序与英语接近,调序幅度小。唯一需要注意
的是:such as 引导的举例必须紧贴它修饰的 ways(多种方式),可处理为「采用了多种方
式……,例如……」或「采用了……例如……等多种方式」。两个并列例子之间用「或者」连接,保
持英汉并列结构对齐。
(49) These groups of people are part of a rapidly expanding biotechnological social movement of citizen scientists and professional scientists seeking to take discovery out of institutions and put it into the hands of anyone with the enthusiasm.
采分点解析:【意群】These groups of people are part of a rapidly expanding biotechnological social movement(主
干(主系表))★采分→这些群体是一场快速壮大的生物技术社会运动的一部分
难点:These groups of people 指代+多重定语连缀
These groups of people 按通读建境锁定,指上句 do-it-yourself biology laboratories
around the world 里的人,即「这些(DIY 生物实验室的)群体」。表语 a rapidly expanding
biotechnological social movement 是「形容词+形容词+名词」三层修饰:rapidly
expanding(迅速扩大的)→ biotechnological(生物技术的)→ social movement(社会运
动),汉语按「迅速扩大的生物技术社会运动」从后往前串即可。
of citizen scientists and professional scientists(后置定语(of 短语,修饰 movement))★采分
→由公民科学家和职业科学家组成的
难点:of 表「由……组成」
of 在此不是「的」那么单薄,而是表「组成关系」,可译「由……组成」或「公民科学家与职业
科学家的」。citizen scientists 与上文术语统一译「公民科学家」;professional scientists 译
「专业科学家/职业科学家」,二者并列体现公民科学的「业余+专业」混合属性。
seeking to take discovery out of institutions(现在分词后置定语(修饰 scientists))★采分→
(这些科学家)力图把发现移出机构
难点:seeking 的逻辑主语是前面两类 scientists
seeking 是现在分词作后置定语,逻辑主语是前面的 citizen scientists and professional
scientists,不是 movement。take discovery out of institutions 是「take A out of B」结
构,意为「把 A 从 B 中拿出来」;discovery 此处是抽象名词,指「(科学)发现/科研活
动」,可具体化为「让科学发现走出机构/让科研走出机构」。institutions 与句 46 的
institutions 呼应,统一译「机构」。
and put it into the hands of anyone with the enthusiasm.(并列动作(与 take 并列,分词短语第二
项))★采分→并把它交到任何有热情的人手中
难点:it 回指 discovery,put into the hands of=交给
put it 中的 it 指代前面的 discovery(科学发现/科研活动),翻译时可重复名词「把它(科学
发现)交到……手中」或直接译「将科研交给……」。put sth. into the hands of sb. 是固定搭配
「把某物交到某人手中」。anyone with the enthusiasm 译「任何有热情的人/凡是有热情的
人」,with the enthusiasm 中的 the 暗示「有这份热情」的人,体现作者对公民科学参与者的
褒奖。
【调序】三层后置定语全部前置或拆句串联
本句调序难点在「movement 后面挂了 of 短语+seeking 分词+and put 并列」三层后置修饰,
若硬塞回 movement 前译成「……的运动」,定语会长达 30 字,必出翻译腔。更顺的做法:1 主
系表「这些群体是……一场社会运动的一部分」译完后,用冒号或「这场运动……」起一个新分句承
接;2 把 seeking 分词译成主动句「这些科学家力图……」;3 把 and put 译成并列动词「并把
它……」。三个分句首尾衔接,节奏自然。
(50) They pool resources, collaborate, think outside the box, and find solutions and ways around obstacles to explore science for the sake of science without the traditional boundaries of working inside a formal setting.
采分点解析:【意群】They pool resources, collaborate, think outside the box,(主干(主语+三个并列谓语))★采分
→他们汇集资源、协作、跳出常规思考
难点:pool 是动词、think outside the box 是习语
三个并列谓语逐个看:1 pool 在此是动词「汇集/集中(资源)」,不是名词「水池」;2
collaborate=「合作/协作」;3 think outside the box 是英语习语「跳出框框思考/打破常
规思考/发挥创造力」,不能直译「在盒子外面思考」。三个动词节奏明快,汉译时保持短句并
列即可。They 按通读建境锁定指上句 around 40 official do-it-yourself biology centres 里的
人,译「他们」即可。
and find solutions and ways around obstacles(并列谓语第四项)★采分→并找到解决方案和绕
过障碍的办法
难点:ways around obstacles=绕开障碍的办法
around 在此不是「周围」,而是「绕过」的方位义:work around / get around / a way
around 是固定搭配「绕开/规避(障碍/困难)」。find solutions and ways around
obstacles 可合并译「寻找解决方案、想方设法绕开障碍」或「找到办法克服障碍」,避免重复
啰嗦。
to explore science for the sake of science(目的状语(to do))★采分→为了科学本身去探索
科学
难点:for the sake of science=为科学而科学
for the sake of sth. 是固定搭配「为了……的缘故」。explore science for the sake of science
是英文里很有韵味的同语反复结构,强调「不为名利/不为应用」的纯粹动机,对应汉语「为科
学而科学/纯粹为了科学本身去探索」。这是本句最有「态度色彩」的一笔,体现作者对 DIY 科
学家的赞赏。
without the traditional boundaries of working inside a formal setting.(伴随/方式状语
(without 短语))★采分→没有在正式环境中工作的传统边界
难点:without =不受……束缚,formal setting=正规场所
without 在此是「不受……约束/没有……的限制」,不要硬译「没有」。boundaries 译「边界
/束缚/限制」,traditional boundaries 译「传统束缚」更顺。formal setting=「正规场所
/正式环境/(大学等)正规机构」,与全文 institutions 形成呼应,本质都指「体制内的科研
环境」。working inside a formal setting 译「在正规机构内开展(科研)工作」。
【调序】四个并列动词保留节奏,目的状语前置或落尾
本句四个并列谓语 pool resources, collaborate, think outside the box, find solutions and
ways around obstacles 在英汉两种语言中的节奏感都很强,调序时务必保留「短句并列」的鼓
点,不要合并成一句长句。to explore science 目的状语按汉语习惯可前置(「为了……,他
们……」)或落尾(「……,以探索……」),本句因主语前面那串动词已经很长,目的状语落尾更
轻盈。最后 without 状语作整句的伴随条件,落在最末或紧贴动词均可。
说明
逐句解析 句前 (N) 即考卷划线句题号,与卷面下划线句一一对应——满分 10 分、每句约 2 分,阅卷把每句切成意群按采 分点给分(★ 为采分点意群)。 【来源】本文选自2020年3月9日刊登在 How It Works(英国科普杂志官网 howitworksdaily.com)上的一篇由 Ailsa Harvey 撰写、标题为“How does citizen science work?”(《公民科学是如何运作的?》)的文章。