Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
英文原文
Science education today revolves around the idea of scientific literacy — the base-level knowledge about science that nonscientists require to effectively get on in the world. This concept has served as a central goal for curriculum developers, local school boards, business and community leaders, and policymakers ever since its introduction nearly 80 years ago.
(46) Tracing the history of the term, we can see how the definition of scientific literacy has shifted over time, muddying the waters when it comes to determining the goals of science education. And that's a shame, because there is much to recommend in the idea of scientific literacy as it was originally articulated in 1945, a time when science appeared to be the key to progress and scientists seemingly held the fate of the world in their hands. (47) A return to that version of scientific literacy, which focused more on teaching what science is and how it works and less on memorizing scientific facts, seems like something society today desperately needs.
In the United States, the desire to provide the public with a general, nontechnical education in science originated as far back as the late 1800s. (48) Educators advanced the idea of having students complete detailed laboratory exercises in high schools in the belief that such work was beneficial primarily as a way to enhance logical reasoning and observational skills. The development in 1915 of the popular new subject “general science” was another effort to train students to apply the principles of science to everyday, nontechnical issues.
Although these efforts were aimed at the nonscience-bound student, they never really made their way into mainstream thought and public discourse as a means to rally widespread support for the importance of science teaching in schools. (49) It wasn't until the phrase “scientific literacy” came along in the 1940s that science had the formidable slogan it needed to command public attention and make improving science education an important national goal.
(50) The intense focus on scientific literacy in the United States originally grew out of the critical role of science and technology during World War II, as well as the perceived deficiencies of American soldiers. As the war unfolded, science rapidly assumed a central role. Battles increasingly depended on new military technologies such as radar and the proximity fuze. Science-based analytical approaches proved remarkably successful in the hunt for German submarines in the Atlantic Ocean. And there was the (then-secret) work building the world's first atomic bomb. As a result, scientists — physicists in particular — found themselves in high demand.
划线句与参考译文
(46) Tracing the history of the term, we can see how the definition of scientific literacy has shifted over time, muddying the waters when it comes to determining the goals of science education.
采分点解析：【译文】追溯这一术语的历史，我们可以看到科学素养的定义是如何随着时间的推移而改变的，这使得在确定科学教育的目标时，情况变得模糊不清。
【词义】Tracing：追溯，探究
shifted：改变，转变
muddying the waters：把水搅浑，使情况变得模糊或复杂
when it comes to：当谈到，在...方面
【采分点】
1\. 将现在分词短语 Tracing the history of the term 独立译为分句“追溯这一术语的历史”。(0.5分)
2\. 将宾语从句 how the definition... has shifted over time 准确译为“...的定义是如何...而改变的”。(0.5分)
3\. 将现在分词短语 muddying the waters... 作为结果状语译出，体现与主句的逻辑关系。(0.5分)
4\. 准确翻译习语 muddying the waters（使情况模糊不清）和短语 when it comes to（在...方面）。(0.5分)
【语法考点】 1. 现在分词短语作状语 2. how引导的宾语从句 3. 习语和固定搭配 4. 长句的逻辑拆分与重组
【语法结构分析】主干：we (主语) can see (谓语) how... (宾语从句)。
伴随状语：Tracing the history of the term （现在分词短语作状语，表示动作的方式或伴随情况）。
宾语从句：how the definition... has shifted over time （how引导的从句，作see的宾语）。
结果状语：muddying the waters... （现在分词短语作状语，表示主语动作“看到定义改变”所导致的结果）。
时间状语从句：when it comes to determining the goals... （when引导的从句，修饰muddying，说明“模糊化”发生的具体情境）。
(47) A return to that version of scientific literacy, which focused more on teaching what science is and how it works and less on memorizing scientific facts, seems like something society today desperately needs.
采分点解析：【译文】回归到那种更注重教授科学的本质和运行方式、而非死记硬背科学事实的科学素养观，似乎是当今社会所迫切需要的。
【词义】version：（此处指）版本，形式，观点
focused on：专注于，侧重于
how it works：它如何运作（此处指科学如何运行）
desperately：极度地，迫切地
【采分点】
1\. 将长主语 A return to that version... 的核心意思准确译为“回归到...观”，并作为译文主语。(0.5分)
2\. 将定语从句 which focused more on... and less on... 译为“的”字定语，正确修饰“科学素养观”，并译出对比关系。(0.5分)
3\. 准确翻译从句 what science is and how it works 为“科学的本质和运行方式”。(0.5分)
4\. 将主句 seems like something... desperately needs 通顺译为“似乎是...所迫切需要的”。(0.5分)
【语法考点】1. 长主语的识别与处理 2. which引导的定语从句的翻译 3. what和how引导的并列宾语从句。4. 省略关系词的定语从句
【语法结构分析】 主干：A return (主语) seems like something (系表结构)。
主语后置定语：to that version of scientific literacy （介词短语修饰A return）。
定语从句：which focused more on teaching... and less on memorizing... （which引导的从句，修饰that version，从句本身包含and连接的并列宾语what...和how...）。
宾语从句：what science is and how it works （并列的宾语从句，作teaching的宾语）。
定语从句：(that) society today desperately needs （省略了关系代词that的定语从句，修饰something）。
(48) Educators advanced the idea of having students complete detailed laboratory exercises in high schools in the belief that such work was beneficial primarily as a way to enhance logical reasoning and observational skills.
采分点解析：【译文】教育工作者曾提出一种理念，主张让高中生完成详细的实验操作，他们相信这类工作主要是有益的，能作为一种提升逻辑推理和观察能力的方式。
【词义】 advanced the idea：提出、推进了这一想法
detailed laboratory exercises：详细的实验操作/练习
beneficial：有益的
enhance：提高，增强
【采分点】
1\. 主干 Educators advanced the idea 译为“教育工作者曾提出一种理念”，准确、流畅。(0.5分)
2\. 将介词短语 of having students complete... 译为动宾结构“主张让...完成...”，作为“理念”的具体内容。(0.5分)
3\. 将 in the belief that... 译为独立分句“他们相信...”，符合中文表达习惯。(0.5分)
4\. 将 beneficial primarily as a way to enhance... 译为“主要是有益的，能作为...方式”，目的状语处理得当。(0.5分)
【语法考点】 1. 宾语后复杂的of介词短语作定语。
2. 动名词复合结构 3. 介词+抽象名词+从句”结构的识别与翻译（常可译为动词短语，如“他们认为...”）。4. that引导的同位语从句。5. 目的/方式状语as a way to...的翻译。
【语法结构分析】主干：Educators (主语) advanced (谓语) the idea (宾语)。
宾语后置定语：of having students complete... exercises... （of介词短语修饰the idea，其中having sb. do sth.为复合宾语结构）。
地点状语：in high schools。
原因状语：in the belief that... （介词短语作状语，表示advanced这个动作的原因或依据）。
同位语从句：that such work was beneficial... （that引导的从句，作belief的同位语，解释其具体内容）。
方式状语：primarily as a way to enhance... skills （介词短语作状语，修饰was beneficial，说明“有益”的方式）。
(49) It wasn't until the phrase “scientific literacy” came along in the 1940s that science had the formidable slogan it needed to command public attention and make improving science education an important national goal.
采分点解析：【译文】直到20世纪40年代“科学素养”这一短语出现，科学才获得了它所需要的响亮口号，以此来唤起公众的关注，并将改善科学教育确立为国家的一项重要目标。
【词义】 came along：出现，到来
formidable：强大的，令人印象深刻的
（此处引申为“响亮的”）
command public attention：唤起/赢得公众关注
make A B：使A成为B
【采分点】
1. 识别并准确翻译 It wasn't until... that... 强调句型为“直到...才...”。(0.5分)
2\. 将 the formidable slogan it needed 译为“它所需要的响亮口号”，定语从句 it needed 前置翻译正确。(0.5分)
3\. 将不定式短语 to command public attention 译为“以此来唤起公众的关注”，目的关系明确。(0.5分)
4\. 准确翻译 make improving science education an important national goal 这一复合宾语结构。(0.5分)
【语法考点】 1. 强调句型的识别与翻译 2. until引导的时间状语从句3. 省略关系词的定语从句 4. 不定式短语作目的状语。5. make接复合宾语的结构。
【语法结构分析】 · 主干（强调句框架）：It was... that... （这是一个It is/was... that...的强调句型，被强调部分是not until... 1940s这个时间状语）。
被强调的时间状语从句：until the phrase... came along in the 1940s （until引导的从句）。
主句（在that之后）：science had the formidable slogan。
定语从句：(that/which) it needed （省略了关系词的定语从句，修饰slogan）。
目的状语：to command public attention and make... goal （不定式短语作目的状语，修饰had，其中make接复合宾语improving... an... goal）。
(50) The intense focus on scientific literacy in the United States originally grew out of the critical role of science and technology during World War II, as well as the perceived deficiencies of American soldiers.
采分点解析：【译文】美国最初对科学素养的高度重视，源于科学技术在第二次世界大战中发挥的关键作用，以及当时人们所认识到的美国士兵（在科学素养上）的不足。
【词义】 intense focus：高度关注，极度重视
grew out of：源于，产生于
critical role：关键作用
perceived deficiencies：被察觉到的缺陷/不足（perceived：被感知的，被认识的）
【采分点】
1\. 将名词短语主语 The intense focus on... 准确译为动词化表达“对...的高度重视”。(0.5分)
2\. 准确翻译谓语动词短语 grew out of 为“源于”。(0.5分)
3\. 将第一个原因 the critical role of... during World War Ⅱ 译为“...在...中发挥的关键作用”，定语后置处理通顺。(0.5分)
4\. 将第二个原因 the perceived deficiencies of American soldiers 译为“人们所认识到的美国士兵的不足”，准确译出 perceived 的含义，并根据上下文补足“在科学素养上”使语义完整。(0.5分)
【语法考点】 1. 名词短语 2. 动词短语 3.连接并列宾语。4.多个介词短语作后置定语的识别与语序调整
【语法结构分析】· 主干：The intense focus (主语) grew out of (谓语) the critical role... as well as the perceived deficiencies... (并列宾语)。
主语定语：on scientific literacy （介词短语修饰focus）。
地点状语：in the United States。
时间状语：originally。
宾语1的定语：of science and technology during World War Ⅱ （of短语和during短语均修饰role）。
宾语2的定语：of American soldiers （of短语修饰deficiencies）。