Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points)
"Elephants never forget"—or so they say—and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.
"大象永远不会忘记"——人们常这样说——而这一民间传说似乎有一定根据。
The African savanna elephant, also known as the African bush elephant, is distributed across 37 African countries. They move between a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land. Using tracking devices, researchers have shown that they have "remarkable spatial acuity." When finding their way to waterholes, they headed off in exactly the right direction, on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles. What is more, they almost always seem to choose the nearest waterhole.
非洲草原象,也被称为非洲丛林象,分布在37个非洲国家。它们在多种栖息地之间移动,包括森林、草原、林地、湿地和农业用地。它们有时会跋涉超过六十英里寻找食物或水源,并且非常善于判断其他大象的位置——即使它们不在视线范围内。研究人员利用追踪设备已经表明,它们具有"非凡的空间敏锐度"。在寻找水坑的途中,它们会朝着完全正确的方向出发,有一次是从大约三十英里远的距离。而且,它们几乎总是选择最近的水坑。研究人员确信,大象总是精确地知道自己相对于所需全部资源的位置,因此既能走捷径,也能沿着熟悉的路线前行。
Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood, smell may well play a part.
尽管非洲象用于长距离导航的线索尚不清楚,但嗅觉很可能发挥了作用。
(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of sight. (47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need, and can therefore take shortcuts, as well as following familiar routes. Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recently little was known about how they selected their food.
大象对食物非常挑剔,但直到最近人们对它们如何选择食物知之甚少。一种可能性是它们仅仅使用眼睛并尝试发现的植物,但那很可能会导致大量时间和精力的浪费,尤其是因为它们的视力实际上并不很好。
What is more, they can be detected even when they are not actually visible. New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores—to the best food resources.
植物产生的挥发性化学物质可以传播很远,而且非常有特征:每种植物或树木都有自己特定的气味标识。而且,即使它们实际上并不可见,这些气味也能被探测到。新的研究表明,嗅觉是引导大象——可能还有其他食草动物——找到最佳食物资源的关键因素。
The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely. They then set up a "food station" experiment, in which they gave the elephants a series of choices based only on smell. Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.
研究人员首先确定了大象在自由觅食时更喜欢食用或避开哪些种类的植物。然后他们设立了一个"食物站"实验,在实验中他们给大象提供一系列仅基于气味的选择。实验表明,大象很可能使用气味来识别适合食用的树木区域,其次评估每个区域内树木的质量。自由活动的大象大概也使用这些信息来定位它们偏好的食物。
Their well-developed hippocampal structures may enable elephants, like rats and people, to construct cognitive maps.
它们发育良好的海马体结构可能使大象像老鼠和人类一样,能够构建认知地图。
(48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found, but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.
(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way, and they are very characteristic: Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.
(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat, and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch.
(46) They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water, and are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of sight.
参考译文：大象有时会跋涉六十多英里去寻找食物或水，而且非常擅长弄清楚其他大象身处何方——即便看不见对方时也是如此。
(47) The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need, and can therefore take shortcuts, as well as following familiar routes.
参考译文：研究人员确信，大象总能精确知晓自己相对于所需的全部资源处于何方，因此既能沿着熟悉的路线行走，也能抄近道。
(48) One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found, but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy, not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.
参考译文：一种可能是，大象仅凭眼睛去看，然后试吃它们发现的植物；但这样做很可能会白白耗费大量时间和精力，尤其是因为它们的视力其实并不算好。
(49) The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way, and they are very characteristic: Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.
参考译文：植物释放的挥发性化学物质可以传到很远的地方，而且它们极具辨识度：每一种植物或树木都拥有自己独特的气味标识。
(50) The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat, and secondly to assess the quality of the trees within each patch.
参考译文：该实验表明，大象很可能利用嗅觉来识别哪些树丛适合食用，其次还会评估每一片树丛中各棵树的品质。
逐句解析 句前 (N) 即考卷划线句题号，与卷面下划线句一一对应——满分 10 分、每句约 2 分，阅卷把每句切成意群按采 分点给分（★ 为采分点意群）。 【来源】本文节选自David Barrie 的著作 Supernavigators: Exploring the Wonders of How Animals Find Their Way《超级导航家:探索动物不可思议的寻路本能》第25章The Human Navigational Brain(人类的导航大脑)。 【主旨】大象凭空间记忆与嗅觉精准觅食 全文围绕「大象记性好」展开科学解释："Elephants never forget"—or so they say—and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation. 提出主题，随后用非洲草原象的研究证明它 们具备 remarkable spatial acuity 与抄近路能力，再引出 smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants，最终归因于 well-developed hippocampal structures。基调是科普性的、肯定语 气，因此涉及大象能力的词（precisely、crucial、remarkable）一律取褒义、肯定取向，不能译 成模棱两可。
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