36. Some celebrities star in a new video to.
- A. demand new laws on the use of plastics
- B. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics
- C. invite public opinion on the plastics crisis
- D. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis
答案：B
答案句：They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day – encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.
参考译文：他们是一群名人中的一部分，这些名人出演了一个新的世界环境日视频——鼓励你，消费者，更换掉你的一次性塑料用品，比如吸管和餐具，以对抗塑料危机。
定位线索：题干“Some celebrities star in a new video to”→答案句“They’re part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video... encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples”；文中“encouraging you... to swap out”对应选项B“urge consumers to cut the use of plastics”。
解析：题干问名人出演新视频的目的，答案句明确指出视频是“encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples”，即鼓励消费者减少使用塑料，与选项B“urge consumers to cut the use of plastics”同义。选项A“demand new laws”在原文中是政府层面的呼吁，非视频目的；选项C“invite public opinion”和D“disclose the causes”均无原文依据，属于无中生有。
37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” may.
- A. mislead us into doing worthless things
- B. prevent us from making further efforts
- C. weaken our sense of accomplishment
- D. suppress our desire for success
答案：B
答案句：They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have “done our bit” without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions – a kind of “moral licensing” that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.
参考译文：它们甚至可能是有害的，满足了“尽了我们的一份力”的需要，却从未进展到更大、更大胆、更有效的行动——这是一种“道德许可”，它缓解了我们的担忧，并阻止我们做更多的事情，也阻止我们向当权者要求更多。
定位线索：题干“moral licensing”→答案句“a kind of 'moral licensing' that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge”；文中“stops us doing more”对应选项B“prevent us from making further efforts”。
解析：题干问作者担心“moral licensing”可能带来什么后果，答案句直接定义其为“stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge”，即阻止我们做更多努力，与选项B“prevent us from making further efforts”完全对应。选项A“mislead us into doing worthless things”过度解读，原文只说“accomplish little”而非“worthless”；选项C“weaken our sense of accomplishment”与原文“satisfying a need”相反；选项D“suppress our desire for success”无原文依据。
38. By pointing out our identity “citizens”, the author indicates that.
- A. our focus should be shifted to community welfare
- B. our relationship with local industries is improving
- C. we have been actively exercising our civil rights
- D. we should press our government to lead the combat
答案：D
答案句：While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we’re ignoring the balance of power that implies that as “consumers” we must shop sustainably, rather than as “citizens” hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.
参考译文：虽然围绕我们的环境和我们对其责任的对话仍然集中在购物袋和吸管上，但我们忽略了权力平衡，这种平衡意味着作为“消费者”，我们必须可持续地购物，而不是作为“公民”让我们的政府和行业承担责任，以推动真正的系统性变革。
定位线索：题干“our identity 'citizens'”→答案句“rather than as 'citizens' hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change”；文中“hold our governments... to account”对应选项D“press our government to lead the combat”。
解析：题干问作者指出我们“citizens”身份意在表明什么，答案句对比了“consumers”和“citizens”两种身份，指出作为公民应“hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change”，即要求政府承担责任，与选项D“press our government to lead the combat”一致。选项A“community welfare”无原文依据；选项B“relationship with local industries”偷换概念，原文是要求行业负责而非改善关系；选项C“actively exercising our civil rights”与原文“ignoring”矛盾。
39. DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change should be.
- A. a win-win arrangement
- B. a self-driven mechanism
- C. a cost-effective approach
- D. a top-down process
答案：D
答案句：In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural. This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether.
参考译文：在她最新的书《为什么好人做坏环境事》中，韦尔斯利学院教授伊丽莎白·R·德索姆布雷认为，集体改变大量人群行为的最佳方式是让这种改变成为结构性的。这可能意味着实施政策，比如对破坏环境的行为增加成本的塑料税，或者完全禁止一次性塑料。
定位线索：题干“DeSombre argues that the best way for a collective change”→答案句“the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural”；文中“structural”和“implementing policy”对应选项D“a top-down process”。
解析：题干问DeSombre认为集体改变的最佳方式是什么，答案句明确说“is for the change to be structural”，并举例“implementing policy”如塑料税、禁令，这些都是自上而下的政策推动，与选项D“a top-down process”对应。选项A“win-win arrangement”无原文依据；选项B“self-driven mechanism”与原文“structural”相反；选项C“cost-effective approach”偷换概念，原文的“cost”指对破坏环境行为征税，而非方法本身划算。
40. The author concludes that individual efforts.
- A. can be too aggressive
- B. can be too inconsistent
- C. are far from sufficient
- D. are far from rational
答案：C
答案句：On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. … It’s just that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior. … We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.
参考译文：例如，仅靠自己带购物袋去杂货店或放弃塑料吸管，收效甚微，而且对我们要求甚少。……她说，只是个人行动太慢了，无法成为改变广泛行为的唯一甚至主要方法。……我们没有时间等待。我们需要制定推动集体行动（并约束污染企业）的进步政策，同时需要积极参与的公民推动变革。
定位线索：题干“individual efforts”→答案句“On their own, taking our own bags...”；文中“will accomplish little”和“individual actions are too slow”对应选项C“are far from sufficient”（远远不够）。
解析：题干问作者对个人努力的结论。答案句明确指出个人行为“收效甚微”且“太慢”，不足以成为改变广泛行为的主要方法，因此推出个人努力“远远不够”，对应C。A“过于激进”、B“太不一致”、D“太不理性”在原文均无依据，属于无中生有。