21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help.
- A. regulate a child’s basic emotions
- B. improve a child’s intellectual ability
- C. foster a child’s moral development
- D. intensify a child’s positive feelings
答案：C
答案句：Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. … This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.
参考译文：与所谓的悲伤、恐惧和愤怒等基本情绪不同，内疚出现得稍晚一些，伴随着孩子对社会和道德规范日益增长的理解。… 这就是为什么研究人员通常认为，适量的所谓道德内疚是一件好事。
定位线索：题干“Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing”→答案句“researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing”；文中“a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms”对应选项C“foster a child’s moral development”（促进道德发展）。
解析：题干问研究者认为内疚是好事的原因，答案句明确指出内疚与孩子对社会和道德规范的掌握同步出现，因此研究者认为道德内疚是好事。正确选项C“foster a child’s moral development”是对“growing grasp of social and moral norms”的同义转述。选项A“regulate a child’s basic emotions”偷换概念，文中说内疚不同于基本情绪；选项B“improve intellectual ability”和D“intensify positive feelings”均为无中生有。
22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be.
- A. deceptive
- B. burdensome
- C. addictive
- D. inexcusable
答案：B
答案句：In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable – it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.
参考译文：当然，在公众的想象中，内疚仍然名声不佳。它让人深感不适——在情感上就像穿着一件缀满石头的夹克。
定位线索：题干“According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be”→答案句取自第2段“In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable – it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.”；文中“wearing a jacket weighted with stones”（穿着缀满石头的夹克）对应选项B“burdensome”（沉重的）。
解析：题干问许多人仍认为内疚是怎样的，答案句说内疚“deeply uncomfortable”，并比喻为“wearing a jacket weighted with stones”，即沉重负担。正确选项B“burdensome”正是对这一比喻的概括。选项A“deceptive”（欺骗的）、C“addictive”（上瘾的）、D“inexcusable”（不可原谅的）均与原文无关，属于无中生有。
23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that.
- A. emotions are context-independent
- B. emotions are socially constructive
- C. emotional stability can benefit health
- D. an emotion can play opposing roles
答案：D
答案句：“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary – feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.
参考译文：弗吉尼亚大学心理学研究员阿姆里沙·瓦伊什说：“人们对内疚是什么以及内疚能发挥什么作用，有了一种复兴或重新思考。”他补充说，这种复兴是更广泛认识的一部分，即情绪不是二元的——在一种情境中可能有利的情绪在另一种情境中可能有害。
定位线索：题干“Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that”→答案句“this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary – feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another”；文中“emotions aren't binary”和“advantageous in one context may be harmful in another”对应选项D“an emotion can play opposing roles”（一种情绪可以扮演相反的角色）。
解析：题干问Vaish认为对内疚的重新思考源于何种认识，答案句明确说这种复兴是“a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary”，即情绪非二元，同一情绪在不同情境下可能有利或有害。正确选项D“an emotion can play opposing roles”正是对这一认识的同义转述。选项A“context-independent”（情境无关）与原文“in one context...in another”相反；选项B“socially constructive”和C“emotional stability can benefit health”均为无中生有。
24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing.
- A. may help correct emotional deficiencies
- B. can result from either sympathy or guilt
- C. can bring about emotional satisfaction
- D. may be the outcome of impulsive acts
答案：B
答案句：In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
参考译文：在许多研究中，马尔蒂和其他人已经表明，内疚和同情可能代表通往合作与分享的不同途径。一些同情心较低的孩子可能会通过体验更多的内疚来弥补这一不足，这可以抑制他们更恶劣的冲动。反之亦然：高同情心可以替代低内疚。
定位线索：题干“Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing”→答案句“Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing”；文中“guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways”对应选项B“can result from either sympathy or guilt”（可以源于同情或内疚）。
解析：题干问Malti等人关于合作与分享的发现，答案句明确指出内疚和同情是通往合作与分享的不同途径，即合作与分享可以源于内疚或同情。正确选项B“can result from either sympathy or guilt”是对“different pathways”的同义转述。选项A“may help correct emotional deficiencies”偷换概念，文中说的是内疚可弥补同情不足，而非合作纠正情感缺陷；选项C“bring about emotional satisfaction”无中生有；选项D“may be the outcome of impulsive acts”与原文“rein in their nastier impulses”相反。
25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to.
- A. teachings
- B. discussions
- C. restrictions
- D. wrongdoings
答案：D
答案句：Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child.
参考译文：利用看护人的评估和孩子们的自我观察，她评估了每个孩子的整体同情心水平，以及他们在道德越轨后产生负面情绪的倾向。然后，孩子们被分到巧克力硬币，并有机会与一个匿名的孩子分享。
定位线索：题干“transgressions”（Line 4, Para.5）→答案句取自第5段“she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions”；文中“moral transgressions”与“feel negative emotions”（感到负面情绪）及后文“caused harm”（造成伤害）对应选项D“wrongdoings”（错误行为）。
解析：题干问“transgressions”的含义，答案句说孩子们在“moral transgressions”后倾向于感到负面情绪，后文提到“we caused harm and we feel regret”（我们造成伤害并感到后悔），可见“transgressions”指错误行为。正确选项D“wrongdoings”正是此意。选项A“teachings”（教导）、B“discussions”（讨论）、C“restrictions”（限制）均与语境不符，属于无中生有。