36. According to Paragraph 1, the careers of scientists can be determined by
- A. how many citations their works contain.
- B. how many times their papers are cited.
- C. the prestige of the people they work with.
- D. the status they have in scientific circles.
答案：B
答案句：The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.
参考译文：科学家的职业生涯及其所在机构的声誉取决于他们发表的论文数量与声望，但更取决于这些论文所吸引的引用次数。
定位线索：题干“According to Paragraph 1”→答案句取自第1段“The careers of scientists...depend on...the citations attracted by these papers”；文中“the citations attracted by these papers”对应选项B“how many times their papers are cited”。
解析：题干问科学家职业生涯由什么决定，答案句明确指出其取决于论文数量和声望，但更取决于论文吸引的引用次数，即被引次数，对应B项。A项偷换概念，“works contain”指论文包含的引用，而非被引；C、D项无中生有，文中未提及合作者声望或科学界地位。
37. The support service consultancies tend to
- A. recommend journals to their clients.
- B. list citation patterns for their clients.
- C. ask authors to include extra citations.
- D. advise contributors to cite each other.
答案：C
答案句：Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.
参考译文：最近，这种掠夺性行为的另一种表现出现了：所谓的支持服务咨询公司，为个别作者和期刊提供语言及其他编辑支持，有时会建议投稿者在其文章中增加若干引用。
定位线索：题干“The support service consultancies”→答案句取自第2段“support service consultancies...advise contributors to add a number of citations”；文中“advise contributors to add”对应选项C“ask authors to include extra citations”。
解析：答案句直接说明咨询公司有时建议投稿者增加引用，即要求作者添加额外引用，对应C项。A项无中生有，未提及推荐期刊；B项偷换概念，“list citation patterns”是算法功能而非咨询公司行为；D项程度过重，文中只说增加引用，未说互相引用。
38. The function of the “milk cow” journals is to
- A. boost citation counts for certain authors.
- B. help scholars publish articles at low cost.
- C. instruct first-time contributors in citation.
- D. increase the readership of new journals.
答案：A
答案句：These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations.
参考译文：这些期刊可以充当奶牛，一期中的每篇文章都可能引用某篇特定论文或一系列论文。在某些情况下，文章内容与引用之间完全没有关系。
定位线索：题干“milk cow”→答案句取自第3段“These journals can act as milk cows where every single article...may cite a specific paper”；文中“cite a specific paper”对应选项A“boost citation counts for certain authors”。
解析：答案句说明“milk cow”期刊中每篇文章都引用特定论文，目的是增加特定作者的引用量，对应A项。B项无中生有，未提及低成本发表；C项偷换概念，“instruct”与原文“cite”不符；D项答非所问，未提及增加读者群。
39. What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraphs?
- A. It fosters competition among citation providers.
- B. It has the capability to identify suspicious citations.
- C. It hinders the growth of “international” journals.
- D. It is established to prevent citation manipulation.
答案：B
答案句：The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. … Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year.
参考译文：这个问题在Scopus（一个引文数据库）中泛滥，该数据库包含大量新的“国际”期刊。… Scopus本身拥有检测这种不当行为所需的全部数据。危险信号包括文章在一年内获得大量引用。
定位线索：题干“Scopus from the last two paragraphs”→答案句取自第4-5段“Scopus...has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice”；文中“detect this malpractice”对应选项B“has the capability to identify suspicious citations”。
解析：答案句明确指出Scopus拥有检测不当行为的全部数据，且危险信号包括大量引用，可推断其具备识别可疑引用的能力，对应B项。A项无中生有，未提及促进竞争；C项偷换概念，文中说问题在Scopus中泛滥，而非阻碍发展；D项程度过重，文中未说其成立目的是防止操纵。
40. What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?
- A. Take legal action.
- B. Demand an apology.
- C. Seek professional advice.
- D. Reveal their misconduct.
答案：D
答案句：And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.
参考译文：对于希望避开引文卡特尔活动的作者：当编辑、审稿人或支持服务要求你添加不恰当的参考文献时，不要照做，并向期刊报告这一请求。
定位线索：题干“what should an author do”→答案句取自第5段“do not oblige and do report the request to the journal”；文中“report the request”对应选项D“Reveal their misconduct”。
解析：答案句明确建议作者不要照做并向期刊报告，即揭露不当行为，对应D项。A项无中生有，未提及法律行动；B项无中生有，未提及道歉；C项偷换概念，“seek professional advice”与原文“report”不符。