26. Scientific publishing is seen as “a licence to print money” partly because
- A. its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.
- B. its marketing strategy has been successful.
- C. its payment for peer review is reduced.
- D. its content acquisition costs nothing.
答案：D
答案句：Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
参考译文：科学出版长期以来一直是一张印钱的许可证。科学家需要期刊来发表他们的研究，因此他们会无偿提供文章。其他科学家也免费进行同行评审这一专业工作，因为这是获得地位和产生科学知识的核心要素。
定位线索：题干“a licence to print money”→答案句首句“licence to print money”；文中“supply the articles without monetary reward”和“peer review also for free”对应选项D“its content acquisition costs nothing”（内容获取零成本）。
解析：题干问科学出版被视为“印钱许可证”的部分原因，答案句明确指出科学家无偿提供文章、同行评审也免费，即内容获取不花钱，对应D项。A项“资金稳定增长”、B项“营销策略成功”、C项“同行评审报酬减少”均未在答案句中提及，属于无中生有。
27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers like Elsevier have
- A. thrived mainly on university libraries.
- B. gone through an existential crisis.
- C. revived the publishing industry.
- D. financed researchers generously.
答案：A
答案句：Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis. The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
参考译文：直到本世纪，大学图书馆对价格并不十分敏感。科学出版商通常报告其运营利润率接近40%，而此时出版业的其他部分正陷入生存危机。荷兰巨头爱思唯尔声称出版了全球25%的科学论文，去年利润超过9亿英镑，而仅英国大学在2016年就花费超过2.1亿英镑，让研究人员能够获取他们自己公共资助的研究；尽管改变这些状况的努力越来越绝望，这两个数字似乎都不可阻挡地上升。
定位线索：题干“Paragraphs 2 and 3”→答案句取自第2、3段；文中“university libraries were not very price sensitive”和“UK universities alone spent more than £210m”对应选项A“thrived mainly on university libraries”（主要靠大学图书馆繁荣）。
解析：答案句表明大学图书馆对价格不敏感且花费巨大，出版商从中获利，对应A项。B项“经历生存危机”是出版业其他部分而非科学出版商，偷换概念；C项“复兴出版业”无中生有；D项“慷慨资助研究者”与原文相反，原文是大学付费给出版商。
28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?
- A. Relieved.
- B. Puzzled.
- C. Concerned.
- D. Encouraged.
答案：C
答案句：The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
参考译文：Sci-Hub的成功依赖于研究人员传递他们自己合法获取的副本，这表明法律生态系统在其用户中已失去合法性，必须进行变革，使其为所有参与者服务。
定位线索：题干“How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub”→答案句“shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy...must be transformed”；文中“lost legitimacy”和“must be transformed”体现作者担忧，对应选项C“Concerned”（担忧的）。
解析：作者指出Sci-Hub的成功表明法律生态系统失去合法性且必须变革，语气中透露出对现状的担忧，对应C项。A项“宽慰的”、B项“困惑的”、D项“受鼓舞的”均与答案句中“lost legitimacy”和“must be transformed”所体现的负面担忧情绪不符。
29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms
- A. allow publishers some room to make money.
- B. render publishing much easier for scientists.
- C. reduce the cost of publication substantially.
- D. free universities from financial burdens.
答案：A
答案句：More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release. Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article.
参考译文：现在超过一半的英国科学研究以开放获取条款发表：要么从发表之时起免费获取，要么付费墙一年或更长时间，以便出版商在公开发布之前获利。然而，新系统对大学来说并没有变得更便宜。出版商回应了让读者免费获取产品的需求，转而向作者收取费用以覆盖准备文章的成本。
定位线索：题干“Paragraphs 5 and 6”→答案句取自第5、6段；文中“paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit”对应选项A“allow publishers some room to make money”（允许出版商有赚钱空间）。
解析：答案句明确指出开放获取条款允许出版商在公开发布前设置付费墙以获利，对应A项。B项“使出版更容易”未提及；C项“大幅降低出版成本”与原文“has not worked out any cheaper”相反；D项“使大学摆脱财务负担”与原文“not worked out any cheaper for the universities”相反。
30. Which of the following characterizes the scientific publishing model?
- A. Trial subscription is offered.
- B. Labour triumphs over status.
- C. Costs are well controlled.
- D. The few feed on the many.
答案：D
答案句：In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.
参考译文：在某些方面，科学出版模式类似于社交互联网的经济：劳动免费提供以换取地位的希望，而巨额利润由少数经营市场的大公司赚取。在这两种情况下，我们需要重新平衡权力。
定位线索：题干“characterizes the scientific publishing model”→答案句“labour is provided free...while huge profits are made by a few big firms”；文中“huge profits are made by a few big firms”对应选项D“The few feed on the many”（少数人靠多数人获利）。
解析：答案句指出科学出版模式中劳动免费提供而少数大公司赚取巨额利润，即少数人剥削多数人，对应D项。A项“试用订阅”、C项“成本控制良好”均未提及；B项“劳动战胜地位”与原文“labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status”不符，偷换概念。