21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to
- A. enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility.
- B. help corporations achieve larger profits.
- C. build a new system of financial regulation.
- D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives.
答案：A
答案句：Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions.
参考译文：英国金融监管机构对大型银行的老板们实施了一条相当不寻常的规定。从明年起，如果银行因不当行为受到调查，高管的任何保证奖金可能会被推迟10年发放。这项“追回”规则的主要目的是让银行家对有害的风险承担负责，并恢复公众对金融机构的信任。
定位线索：题干“According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule”→答案句取自第1段“The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking”；文中“hold bankers accountable”对应选项A“enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility”。
解析：题干问实施新规则的一个动机，答案句明确指出“主要目的是让银行家对有害的风险承担负责”，即增强银行家的责任感，与选项A“enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility”同义。选项B“帮助公司获得更大利润”在文中未提及，属于无中生有；选项C“建立新的金融监管体系”文中只说“imposed a rather unusual rule”，并非建立新体系，偷换概念；选项D“保证高管奖金”与原文“奖金可能被推迟”相反，属于曲解文意。
22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate
- A. the conditions for generating quick profits.
- B. governments’ impatience in decision-making.
- C. the solid structure of publicly traded companies.
- D. “short-termism” in economic activities.
答案：D
答案句：“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.
参考译文：英国央行首席经济学家安德鲁·哈尔丹表示，“短期主义”或对快速利润的渴望，在上市公司中已经恶化。他引用古典经济学巨匠阿尔弗雷德·马歇尔的话，将这种金融上的不耐烦描述为“孩子们从布丁里挑出李子立刻吃掉”，而不是把它们放在一边最后吃。
定位线索：题干“Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate”→答案句取自第2段“He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience”；文中“financial impatience”对应选项D““short-termism” in economic activities”。
解析：题干问引用马歇尔的目的，答案句先提出“短期主义”在上市公司中恶化，然后说马歇尔的话描述了“这种金融不耐烦”，即短期主义行为，因此正确选项是D“经济活动中的短期主义”。例子本身（马歇尔的话）不是答案依据，例子前面的观点句““Short-termism”...has worsened”才是关键。选项A“产生快速利润的条件”文中未提及，无中生有；选项B“政府决策的不耐烦”文中说的是金融领域而非政府，偷换概念；选项C“上市公司的稳固结构”与原文无关，答非所问。
23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be
- A. indirect.
- B. adverse.
- C. minimal.
- D. temporary.
答案：B
答案句：Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”
参考译文：要求公司提供高额季度利润的短期投资者，可能会阻碍公司投资长期研究或建立客户忠诚度的努力。这被称为“季度资本主义”。
定位线索：题干“the influence of transient investment on public companies”→答案句取自第3段“Transient investors...can hinder a firm’s efforts”；文中“hinder”对应选项B“adverse”。
解析：题干问短期投资对上市公司的影响，答案句明确指出“短期投资者...可能会阻碍公司投资长期研究或建立客户忠诚度的努力”，“hinder”意为“阻碍”，即产生不利影响，对应选项B“adverse”。选项A“间接的”文中未说明影响方式，无中生有；选项C“最小的”与“hinder”矛盾，程度过重；选项D“暂时的”文中未提及影响持续时间，偷换概念。
24. The US and France examples are used to illustrate
- A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.
- B. the significance of long-term thinking.
- C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.
- D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.
答案：C
答案句：Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.
参考译文：还可以做更多事情来鼓励“长期主义”，例如修改税法、加快股票收购的披露。在法国，持有公司投资至少两年的股东有时可以在公司中获得更多投票权。
定位线索：题干“The US and France examples are used to illustrate”→答案句取自第6段“Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as...”；文中“such as”引出例子，观点句“Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism””对应选项C“the approaches to promoting “long-termism””。
解析：题干问美国和法国的例子用来说明什么，答案句先提出观点“还可以做更多事情来鼓励‘长期主义’”，然后以法国为例说明具体做法，因此正确选项是C“促进‘长期主义’的方法”。例子本身（法国股东投票权）不是答案依据，例子前面的观点句“Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism””才是关键。选项A“阻止‘短期主义’的障碍”文中未提及障碍，无中生有；选项B“长期思维的重要性”虽相关但非例子直接说明的重点，范围过大；选项D“短期思维的普遍性”与例子内容相反，答非所问。
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
- A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
- B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue
- C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
- D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers
答案：B
答案句：Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decisionmaking, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations. … “Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. … Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. … Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.
参考译文：英国金融监管机构对大型银行的老板们实施了一条相当不寻常的规定。从明年开始，如果银行因不当行为受到调查，高管的任何保证奖金都可能被推迟10年发放。这项“追回”规则的主要目的是让银行家对有害的风险承担负责，并恢复公众对金融机构的信任。然而，官员们还希望获得更大的好处：不仅是银行，而且是所有公司，都做出更多长期决策，为子孙后代建设更强大的经济。 … 英国央行首席经济学家安德鲁·哈尔丹表示，“短期主义”或对快速利润的渴望，在上市公司中已经恶化。 … 还可以做更多的事情来鼓励“长期主义”，例如修改税法以及加快股票收购的披露。 … 在公司内部，正确的薪酬设计可以激励高管们超越自己在公司的任期，为所有利益相关者着想。英国的新规则提醒银行家们，社会对他们的表现感兴趣，不仅是短期，而且是长期。
定位线索：题干“best title”需概括全文主旨→答案句取自首段“more long-term decisionmaking”与末段“not just for the short term but for the long term”；文中“long-term”对应选项B“Patience”（耐心/长期主义）；文中“short-termism”对应选项A“Quarterly Capitalism”但非全文重点。
解析：本题为主旨题。全文围绕“长期主义”展开：首段提出英国新规旨在促进长期决策，第二至四段批评短期主义，第五至七段提出鼓励长期主义的措施，末段强调长期利益。选项B“Patience as a Corporate Virtue”将“耐心”与“长期主义”对应，概括了全文核心。选项A“Failure of Quarterly Capitalism”仅提及短期主义问题，未涵盖解决措施；选项C“Decisiveness”与原文无关；选项D“Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers”只涉及银行家风险承担，范围过窄。