Since ancient times, the seal has been a proof of identity and a symbol of power in China. The seal is not only practical but also an art form, an ancient art that combines calligraphy and carving, and it is often regarded as an independent artwork on a par with painting and calligraphy. From the choice of materials and the craftsmanship of making to the design of scripts, the seal displays extremely rich aesthetic value. While artists from other countries usually sign their names on their paintings, Chinese artists tend to stamp their seals on their works of painting and calligraphy instead of signing. In this way, the seal becomes part of the work and a way of expressing the uniqueness of the work.
逐句译法
1. 自古以来,印章在中国就是身份的凭证和权力的象征。
参考译法:Since ancient times, the seal has been a proof of identity and a symbol of power in China.
主干:印章作主语,系动词 be 接两个表语(主语策略:原句主语)中文主语就是 印章,谓语是判断动词"是",对应英文系动词 has been / is。骨架为 the seal has been a proof of identity and a symbol of power。"自古以来"是时间状语 since ancient times,放句首或句尾均可。
语法点:- 时态自古以来 强调"从古至今一直是",宜用现在完成时 has been 突出延续到今天的状态;若想贴全篇基调用一般现在时 is 也可接受。关键是别因"自古"二字误用一般过去时 was——那会变成"过去是、现在不是"。 - 冠词表语 a proof / a symbol 是可数单数名词,前面必须加不定冠词 a;主语"印章"此处泛指这一类事物,用 the seal 泛指或 seals 复数泛指均可,不能光秃秃写 seal。 - 介词搭配"……的凭证"用 proof of,"……的象征"用 symbol of,介词都是 of,不要误用 for/to。
降级处理:两个并列表语用 and 连接身份的凭证和权力的象征 是两个并列名词短语作表语:a proof of identity 和 a symbol of power,用 and 连接即可。"的"在英文里转成 of 结构(凭证 of 身份、象征 of 权力)。本句结构简单,无需把成分降级成从句。
参考译法:The seal is not only practical but also an art form, an ancient art that combines calligraphy and carving, and it is often regarded as an independent artwork on a par with painting and calligraphy.
主干:印章作主语,主干取"是一种艺术形式"(主语策略:原句主语)本句中文一连串"具有……是……是……被看作……",主语都是 印章。挑 也是一种艺术形式 作英文主干:The seal is also an art form。"不仅具有实用性"用 not only…but also 结构带出,后两段"集书法雕刻于一体""被看作独立艺术品"则降级处理,不再各起一个并列谓语。
语法点:- 时态回指全篇基调,is also、is regarded(或 is often regarded)均用一般现在时,陈述印章固有的客观属性。 - 语态经常被看作 是被动,英文用 is often regarded as / is often viewed as;"被"字提示用被动语态,别译成主动的 people often regard。 - 搭配"集……于一体"用 combine A and B 或 integrate A with B;"与……并列"用 on a par with 或 ranked alongside;regard / view 后接 as 表"看作",介词 as 不能丢。 - 冠词与单复数an art form、an ancient art、an independent artwork 都是可数单数,须加 a/an;art form 中 art 作定语不变。
降级处理:用 not only…but also + 同位语 + 分词降级三层"不仅具有实用性,而且也是一种艺术形式"用 not only practical but also an art form 的并列结构;一门集书法与雕刻于一体的古老艺术 降级成同位语 an ancient art combining calligraphy and carving;经常被看作与书画并列的独立艺术品 降级成被动分词或独立从句 often regarded as an independent artwork on a par with painting and calligraphy。
3. 印章从材料的选择、制作的工艺到字体的设计,都具有极其丰富的美学表现。
参考译法:From the choice of materials and the craftsmanship of making to the design of scripts, the seal displays extremely rich aesthetic value.
主干:印章作主语,谓语取"具有美学表现"(主语策略:原句主语)主语仍是 印章,主干谓语是 都具有极其丰富的美学表现:The seal shows / displays great aesthetic value。"从……到……"那一长串是范围状语,不进主干。
降级处理:"从……到……"降级成 from…to… 介词状语从材料的选择、制作的工艺到字体的设计 降级成 from the choice of materials and the craft of making to the design of fonts/scripts 这一 from…to… 介词短语,作状语前置或后置;三个并列名词短语内部用"中心词 of 修饰语"译出(材料的选择 the choice of materials 等)。
4. 其他国家的艺术家通常在其绘画作品上签名,而中国艺术家则往往在其书画作品上盖上印章代替签名。
参考译法:While artists from other countries usually sign their names on their paintings, Chinese artists tend to stamp their seals on their works of painting and calligraphy instead of signing.
主干:前后两个分句各有主语,用 while 对比(主语策略:原句主语)本句是对比句:前半 其他国家的艺术家通常在其绘画作品上签名 主语 artists from other countries、谓语 sign;后半 中国艺术家则往往在其书画作品上盖上印章代替签名 主语 Chinese artists、谓语 stamp/affix seals。两个主谓骨架用 while 连成对比复合句。
语法点:- 时态回指全篇基调,sign、stamp 均用一般现在时,陈述两类艺术家的习惯性做法。 - 主谓一致与单复数主语 artists / Chinese artists 是复数,谓语用原形 sign、stamp(不加 s);their paintings、their seals 用复数与复数主语呼应。 - 搭配"签名"sign their names / put their signatures on;"盖印章"stamp / affix / put their seals on;"代替"instead of + 动名词。
降级处理:"盖印章代替签名"用 instead of 处理盖上印章代替签名 中"代替签名"降级成 instead of signing 或 in place of a signature 介词短语,挂在"盖印章"动作之后:stamp their seals on… instead of signing。"在……作品上"用 on 介词短语作地点状语。
5. 这样,印章也就成为作品的组成部分,是体现作品独特性的一种方式。
参考译法:In this way, the seal becomes part of the work, a way of expressing the uniqueness of the work.
主干:印章作主语,主干取"成为作品的组成部分"(主语策略:原句主语)主语 印章,主干谓语是 成为作品的组成部分:the seal becomes part of the work。"这样"是承上启下的连接词 In this way;"是体现作品独特性的一种方式"降级成同位语或并列说明。
语法点:- 时态回指全篇基调,becomes 用一般现在时陈述这一普遍结果;becomes 因主语 the seal 单数第三人称须加 s。 - 主谓一致主语 the seal 是第三人称单数,谓语 become 须变 becomes,别漏掉这个 s。 - 搭配与冠词"组成部分"part of(part 前不加冠词作"一部分"讲);"一种方式"a way of doing;"独特性"uniqueness 为抽象不可数名词。
降级处理:"是体现独特性的方式"降级成同位语是体现作品独特性的一种方式 降级成同位语 a way of expressing the uniqueness of the work,用逗号接在 part of the work 之后;"体现独特性"用 of doing 结构 a way of expressing/showing its uniqueness。
词汇与译名提示
印章全篇反复出现的核心词 印章,统一译为 the seal / seals(泛指这一艺术门类用单数加定冠词 the seal,或用复数泛指 seals)。全篇只用 seal 这一译法,不要一会儿 seal、一会儿 stamp、一会儿 chop 来回换——stamp 偏"邮戳/橡皮章"、chop 太口语,均不如 seal 贴合"篆刻印章"。
书画经常被看作与书画并列的独立艺术品 与 在其书画作品上盖上印章 两处都出现"书画",统一译为 painting and calligraphy(绘画与书法)。这是意译拆解的约定俗成译法,全篇保持同一搭配,避免一处译 painting、另一处漏掉 calligraphy。
书法与雕刻一门集书法与雕刻于一体的古老艺术 中的"书法"译 calligraphy、"雕刻"译 carving / engraving,二者固定下来;"集……于一体"用 combine A and B 或 integrate A with B 表达,全篇此类"集合"概念用法保持一致。