47. Why does the Harvard neuroscientist say that lying takes work?
- A. It is hard to choose from several options.
- B. It is difficult to sound natural or plausible.
- C. It requires speedy blood flow into one's brain.
- D. It involves lots of sophisticated mental activity.
答案：D
答案句：Harvard cognitive neuroscientist Joshua Greene says, for most of us, lying takes work. In studies, he gave subjects a chance to deceive for monetary gain while examining their brains in a functional MRI machine, which maps blood flow to active parts of the brain. Some people told the truth instantly and instinctively. But others opted to lie, and they showed increased activity in their frontal parietal (颅腔壁的) control network, which is involved in difficult or complex thinking.
参考译文：哈佛认知神经科学家约书亚·格林说，对我们大多数人来说，撒谎需要费劲。在研究中，他给受试者机会为金钱利益而欺骗，同时用功能性核磁共振成像机器检查他们的大脑，该机器绘制血液流向大脑活跃区域的情况。有些人立即本能地说真话。但其他人选择撒谎，他们的额顶叶控制网络活动增加，该网络参与困难或复杂的思考。
定位线索：题干“Why does the Harvard neuroscientist say that lying takes work”→答案句首句“lying takes work”；文中“increased activity in their frontal parietal control network, which is involved in difficult or complex thinking”对应选项D“lots of sophisticated mental activity”。
解析：题干问为何撒谎费劲，答案句指出撒谎者大脑中“frontal parietal control network”活动增加，该网络“involved in difficult or complex thinking”，即复杂的思维活动，与选项D“大量复杂的心理活动”对应。选项A“难以从多个选项中选择”无中生有；选项B“难以听起来自然”未提及；选项C“需要血液快速流入大脑”偷换概念，原文只是说MRI映射血流，并非要求血流快。
48. Under what circumstances do people tend to lie?
- A. When they become too emotional.
- B. When they face too much peer pressure.
- C. When the temptation is too strong.
- D. When the consequences are not imminent.
答案：C
答案句：For a follow-up analysis, he found that people whose neural (神经的) reward centers were more active when they won money were also more likely to be among the group of liars - suggesting that lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation.
参考译文：在后续分析中，他发现那些赢钱时神经奖励中枢更活跃的人也更可能属于撒谎者群体——这表明撒谎可能与无法抵抗诱惑有关。
定位线索：题干“Under what circumstances do people tend to lie”→答案句末句“lying may have to do with the inability to resist temptation”；文中“inability to resist temptation”对应选项C“temptation is too strong”。
解析：题干问人们何时倾向于撒谎，答案句明确说撒谎与“inability to resist temptation”（无法抵抗诱惑）有关，即诱惑太强时，对应选项C。选项A“过于情绪化”无中生有；选项B“面对太多同伴压力”未提及；选项D“后果不紧迫”属于外部条件，但原文第三段提到的是“when we are able to rationalise it”等，并非此题依据。
50. What does the author say will happen when a liar does not get punished?
- A. They may feel justified.
- B. They will tell bigger lies.
- C. They will become complacent.
- D. They may mix lies and truths.
答案：B
答案句：This means that if you give people multiple opportunities to lie for their own benefit, they start with little lies which get bigger over time.
参考译文：这意味着如果你给人们多次为自己利益撒谎的机会，他们从小谎开始，随着时间推移谎言会变大。
定位线索：题干“What will happen when a liar does not get punished”→答案句“if you give people multiple opportunities to lie”（未受惩罚即多次机会）；文中“start with little lies which get bigger over time”对应选项B“tell bigger lies”。
解析：题干问撒谎者未受惩罚时会发生什么，答案句指出若给多次机会（即未受惩罚），“they start with little lies which get bigger over time”，即谎言会变大，对应选项B“tell bigger lies”。选项A“感到合理”无中生有；选项C“变得自满”未提及；选项D“混淆真假”无中生有。