52. What accounts for humans' evolutionary successes according to a growing number of cognitive scientists and anthropologists?
- A. They are better at innovating solutions.
- B. They thrive through creative strategies.
- C. They are naturally adaptive to ecological contexts.
- D. They meet challenges by imitating others carefully.
答案：D
答案句：But a growing number of cognitive scientists and anthropologists (人类学家) are rejecting that explanation. They think that, rather than making our living as innovators, we survive and thrive precisely because we don't think for ourselves. Instead, people cope with challenging climates and ecological contexts by carefully copying others.
参考译文：但越来越多的认知科学家和人类学家正在拒绝这种解释。他们认为，我们生存和繁荣恰恰是因为我们不为自己思考，而不是靠创新谋生。相反，人们通过仔细模仿他人来应对具有挑战性的气候和生态环境。
定位线索：题干“a growing number of cognitive scientists and anthropologists”→答案句“a growing number of cognitive scientists and anthropologists”；文中“carefully copying others”对应选项D“imitating others carefully”
解析：题干问越来越多的认知科学家和人类学家认为什么解释了人类的进化成功。答案句明确说他们拒绝“创新”的解释，认为我们“通过仔细模仿他人”来应对挑战，因此选项D“They meet challenges by imitating others carefully”是原文“people cope with challenging climates and ecological contexts by carefully copying others”的同义转述。选项A和B都是被否定的“创新”观点；选项C“naturally adaptive”原文未提及，且“ecological contexts”前有“cope with”而非“adaptive”。
53. What does the author think is odd about the findings of the study by Victoria Horner and Andrew Whiten?
- A. Children irrationally imitated every action of the experimenters.
- B. Chimpanzees could tell the transparent box from the opaque one.
- C. Chimpanzees could retrieve the treat more quickly than children did.
- D. Children omitted the step of tapping on the box with a stick to open it.
答案：A
答案句：Oddly, the children carefully copied all the steps to open the box, even when they could see that the stick had no practical effect. That is, they copied irrationally: Instead of doing only what was necessary to get their reward, children slavishly imitated every action they'd witnessed.
参考译文：奇怪的是，孩子们仔细地复制了打开盒子的所有步骤，即使他们能看到棍子没有实际效果。也就是说，他们非理性地复制：孩子们不是只做获得奖励所必需的事情，而是奴隶般地模仿他们目睹的每一个动作。
定位线索：题干“odd”→答案句“Oddly”；文中“slavishly imitated every action”对应选项A“irrationally imitated every action”
解析：题干问作者认为Victoria Horner和Andrew Whiten的研究结果中奇怪的是什么。答案句以“Oddly”开头，指出孩子们即使看到棍子没有实际效果，仍然复制所有步骤，“奴隶般地模仿每一个动作”，因此选项A“Children irrationally imitated every action of the experimenters”是原文“children slavishly imitated every action they'd witnessed”的同义转述。选项B是研究中的事实但并非“odd”之处；选项C“retrieve the treat more quickly”原文未提及；选项D与原文相反，孩子们没有省略敲击步骤。
54. What is anthropologist Joseph Henrich's explanation for the human preference for copying?
- A. It originates in the rationality of people around the world.
- B. It stems from the way people learn complex technologies.
- C. It results from people distrusting their own wisdom.
- D. It derives from the desire to acquire knowledge step by step.
答案：B
答案句：Anthropologist Joseph Henrich points out that people around the world rely on technologies that are often so complex that no one can learn them rationally. Instead, people must learn them step by step, trusting in the wisdom of more experienced elders and peers.
参考译文：人类学家约瑟夫·亨里希指出，世界各地的人们依赖的技术往往如此复杂，以至于没有人能理性地学习它们。相反，人们必须一步一步地学习，信任更有经验的长辈和同龄人的智慧。
定位线索：题干“Joseph Henrich's explanation”→答案句“Anthropologist Joseph Henrich points out”；文中“technologies that are often so complex that no one can learn them rationally”对应选项B“the way people learn complex technologies”
解析：题干问人类学家Joseph Henrich对人类偏好模仿的解释。答案句指出人们依赖的技术太复杂，无法理性学习，必须一步步学习，因此选项B“It stems from the way people learn complex technologies”是对原文“people must learn them step by step”的概括。选项A“rationality”与原文“no one can learn them rationally”矛盾；选项C“distrusting their own wisdom”原文未提及，原文是“trusting in the wisdom of elders”；选项D“desire to acquire knowledge”偷换概念，原文说的是“must learn”而非“desire”。
55. What point does the author want to emphasize when he says “We're not chimpanzees”?
- A. It is arguable whether everyone should avoid imitation.
- B. It is characteristic of human beings to copy others.
- C. It is desirable to trust in more knowledgeable peers.
- D. It is naive to laugh at someone embracing nonconformity.
答案：B
答案句：So the next time you hear someone arguing passionately that everyone should embrace nonconformity and avoid imitating others, you might laugh a little bit. We're not chimpanzees, after all.
参考译文：所以下次你听到有人热情地争论说每个人都应该拥抱不循规蹈矩并避免模仿他人时，你可能会笑一笑。毕竟，我们不是黑猩猩。
定位线索：题干“We're not chimpanzees”→答案句“We're not chimpanzees”；文中“avoid imitating others”与“We're not chimpanzees”暗示人类天生模仿，对应选项B“It is characteristic of human beings to copy others”
解析：题干问作者说“We're not chimpanzees”想强调什么。前文提到黑猩猩比人类更理性地模仿，而人类有过度模仿的倾向，作者说“我们不是黑猩猩”是在讽刺那些主张避免模仿的人，暗示模仿是人类的本性，因此选项B“It is characteristic of human beings to copy others”是合理推断。选项A“It is arguable”程度过轻，作者态度明确；选项C“trust in more knowledgeable peers”是Henrich的观点，不是此处强调的重点；选项D“naive to laugh”与原文“you might laugh a little bit”矛盾，作者认为笑是合理的。