Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 10 points)
英文原文与参考译文
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. (47)but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us. (48)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of benefit, real or fancied, to itself.
Some species of trees have been "read out of the party" by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.
To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.
(49)In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
(50)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
划线句与参考译文
(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
采分点解析：【意群】Scientists jumped to the rescue（主干 主谓）★采分→科学家们跳出来救援
难点：jump to the rescue 是固定搭配
Scientists jumped to the rescue 中 jump to the rescue 不是字面"跳着去救"，是"赶忙出手相
助、紧急驰援"的习语；结合上文 songbirds were supposed to be disappearing，语境是科学
家"赶紧出来为鸣禽辩护"。
with some distinctly shaky evidence（方式状语（介词短语））★采分→带着一些明显站不住脚
的证据
难点：shaky 的态度色彩
some distinctly shaky evidence 里 shaky 字面"摇晃的"，此处熟词僻义为"靠不住的、站不住
脚的"；distinctly 译"明显地"，整体带作者的负面评价，呼应全文 It is painful to read these
roundabout accounts today. 的批判口吻，不能轻飘飘译成"一些证据"。
to the effect that insects would eat us up（evidence 的同位语从句（由 to the effect that 引出））
★采分→其大意是：昆虫会把我们吃光
难点：to the effect that 是同位语连接词
to the effect that insects would eat us up 中 to the effect that 等于 "meaning that / 大
意是"，引出 evidence 的具体内容；eat us up 不是字面"把人吃掉"，结合主语 insects 应理
解为"（虫害）把我们的庄稼/家底蚕食殆尽"，可处理为"会把我们吃光"或"会把我们的农作物
吃光"。
if birds failed to control them.（条件状语从句）★采分→如果鸟类不能控制它们
难点：them 的回指还原
if birds failed to control them 中 them 不能直接译"它们"，要回到前一块 insects would eat
us up 还原为"昆虫"，否则汉语读者读不出指代；fail to do 译"未能/不能"比"失败做"更顺。
【调序】方式状语前置 + 同位语拆成冒号句
本句结构 Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect
that… 在英文里方式状语 with… 在主谓之后，符合汉语习惯可直接顺译"科学家们……拿出了……证
据"；同位语从句 to the effect that 引导的内容较长，按汉语习惯拆出，用冒号或破折号衔接
成"大意是：……"；条件状语 if birds failed to control them 按汉语"如果……就……"前置，但因主
句已含"虫害会吃光我们"的判断，仍可顺写为"如果鸟类不加以控制"。
(47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
采分点解析：【意群】but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting（主干 主谓（含转折 but））★采分→但
我们至少已经更接近承认这一点
难点：draw nearer the point of doing 的转译
we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting 直译"我们已被拉近到承认……的地
步"非常翻译腔；按汉语习惯转成"我们至少已经更接近于承认……"或"我们至少已经开始愿意承
认……"；at least 体现作者的让步语气，要保留"至少"。
that birds should continue（admitting 的宾语从句主干）★采分→鸟类应当继续存在
难点：continue 的语境取义
birds should continue 中 continue 不要译"继续"那么空，结合上文 they are entitled to
continuance 锚定为"继续存在、存续下去"，呼应全文"存续权"的主线。
as a matter of intrinsic right,（方式状语（介词短语））★采分→作为一种内在的权利
难点：as a matter of 的固定译法
as a matter of intrinsic right 中 as a matter of 是固定结构，意思"作为……的事情、出
于……"；intrinsic right 译"固有权利/内在权利/自身的权利"均可，是本句核心采分概念，不能
漏译"intrinsic"这个修饰。
regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.（让步状语（介词短语））★
采分→无论对我们是否存在经济利益
难点：presence or absence 抽象名词具体化
regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us 直译"经济利益的存在
或缺席"很僵；把抽象名词 presence/absence 还原成动作"有/没有"，译"不管对我们有没有经济
利益"或"无论是否对我们具有经济价值"。to us 表"对我们而言"，不能丢。
【调序】宾语从句顺译 + 让步状语提前可选
本句 but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue
as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of… 整体顺译即可：主句→that 宾语从句→方式状语→
让步状语；唯一调整是 regardless of… 这一较长让步状语，按汉语习惯也可前置成"无论……，鸟
类都应当……"，但本句因主从清晰，保留尾随更自然。
(48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.
采分点解析：【意群】Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence（主干（Time was when… 倒装句
型））★采分→曾经有一段时间，生物学家有些过度使用了这一证据
难点：Time was when 是固定句型
Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence 中 Time was when… 等于
"There was a time when…"，固定译"曾经有一段时间……"；overwork 不是"过度工作"，在此
熟词僻义为"过度使用、滥用"；somewhat 是程度副词，译"有些、多少有点"，不可丢——它是
作者的委婉批评。
that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,（evidence 的同
位语从句1）★采分→这些动物通过杀掉体弱者来维持猎物种群的健康
难点：these creatures、game、physically weak 三个回指/僻义
these creatures 须回到段首 predatory mammals and fish-eating birds，译"这些猎食性
动物"或"这些捕食动物"；game 在此熟词僻义为"猎物（被捕食的野生动物）"，绝不是"游
戏"——是本句最阴的盲区；the physically weak 是"the + 形容词"表一类人/物，译"体弱的
（个体）"。
or that they prey only on "worthless" species.（evidence 的同位语从句2（与上句并列））★采分
→或者它们只捕食那些"无价值的"物种
难点：they 回指 + worthless 引号
they prey only on "worthless" species 中 they 同样回指 predatory mammals and fish-
eating birds，可重复译为"这些捕食动物"或承前省作"它们"；"worthless" 加引号是作者反讽，
译文要保留中文引号"无价值的"或"所谓无价值的"，体现态度；only 译"只"，限定范围不能丢。
【调序】同位语用冒号拆 + by 状语前置
本句 the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically
weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species 若按"……的证据"翻成长定语会非常拗口；
按汉语习惯把 evidence 译完后用冒号或破折号引出两个同位语内容，处理为"过度运用了这样的证
据：其一……，其二……"或"过度强调以下证据：……，或者……"。by killing the physically weak
是方式状语，按汉语习惯前置到动词前，译"通过杀掉体弱者来维持……"。
(49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
采分点解析：【意群】In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced,（地点状语 + 非限制性定语从句）★采
分→在欧洲，那里的林业在生态学上更先进
难点：where 非限制性定语从句的处理
In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, 中 where 引导非限制性定语，按
汉语习惯不能硬译成"……的欧洲"的前置长定语；拆成并列句"在欧洲，那里的林业在生态学上更
为先进"或独立小句"欧洲的林业在生态层面更先进，在那里……"；ecologically 译"在生态（学）
上、从生态角度"，是采分细节。
the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community,
（主干 主谓（被动））★采分→无商业价值的树种被承认为本土森林共同体的成员
难点：被动语态汉化 + 关键术语
the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest
community 是 are recognized as 被动结构；汉译可保留"被承认为"，或转主动"（人们）
将……视为/承认为"；noncommercial="无商业价值的、非商业性的"，呼应上文 economics-
minded foresters 与 too low a sale value to pay as timber crops；the native forest
community 与全文术语 the biotic community 保持一致，统一译"本土森林共同体"。
to be preserved as such,（目的/补充状语（不定式被动））★采分→并以这样的身份得到保护
难点：as such 的指代回还
to be preserved as such 中 as such 不是"如此"那么飘，它回指上一块的"成员"身份——意思
是"作为（共同体的）成员而得到保护"，可译"并以这样的身份/作为这样的成员而得到保护"；to
be preserved 是被动不定式，转主动可作"加以保护"。
within reason.（范围状语）★采分→在合理的范围内
难点：within reason 是固定搭配
within reason. 中 within reason 是固定短语"在合理范围内、有分寸地"，不是"在理由之内"；
它收束整句、给"保护"加一个范围限定，避免被理解为"无条件保护"。
【调序】where 从句拆并列 + 被动转主动可选 + as such/within reason 收尾分句化
本句 In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree
species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as
such, within reason. 调序两步：1 where 非限制性定语从句拆开译为并列小句"在欧洲，那里的
林业……"，避免前置长定语；2 句尾 to be preserved as such, within reason 拆成独立短句"并
以这样的身份得到合理范围内的保护"或"并在合理范围内受到这样的保护"，让汉语句子有节奏感，
不堆在一起。
(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
采分点解析：【意群】It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate,（主干 主谓（含插入并列谓语））★采分→它
往往忽视，并因而最终消灭
难点：It 回指 + 并列谓语夹注
It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements… 中 It 必须回到上句 a
system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest，还原为"这种（完全基于经
济自利的）保护体系"或承前简译"它/这种体系"；ignore 与 eliminate 是两个并列谓语，被两个
逗号夹成"插入"形式，汉译要让它们都接到同一个宾语 many elements 上，常用"往往忽视……
乃至最终消灭"或"忽视并因而最终消灭"。
many elements in the land community（宾语（含 in 介词短语作后置定语））★采分→土地共同体
中的许多成分
难点：the land community 术语统一
many elements in the land community 中 the land community 是贯穿全文的核心术语，全
篇统一译"土地共同体"；elements 在生态语境中译"成分/要素/成员"均可，本句指构成土地共同
体的物种与组成部分。
that lack commercial value,（限制性定语从句1（修饰 elements））★采分→缺乏商业价值
难点：lack 译法
that lack commercial value 中 lack 是动词"缺乏、没有"；commercial value 译"商业价值/经
济价值"，与全文 economic self-interest 主线呼应——这是被作者反对的衡量尺度。
but that are essential to its healthy functioning.（限制性定语从句2（与1并列，转折））★采分→
但对其健康运转必不可少
难点：its 回指 + healthy functioning 抽象名词具体化
essential to its healthy functioning 中 its 须回到本句 the land community，译"土地共同体
的"，绝不要留"它的"在汉语里飘；healthy functioning 是抽象名词短语，具体化为"健康运转/
正常运转"，比直译"健康的功能化"自然得多。
【调序】插入语回填 + 两个定语从句拆并列分句
本句 It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land
community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. 调
序两步：1 把插入语 and thus eventually to eliminate 回填到主句，组成"往往忽视乃至最终消
灭土地共同体中的许多成分"；2 两个 that 引导的并列定语从句较长且有转折 but，按汉语习惯不
再前置成"缺乏商业价值但对……必不可少的许多成分"，而是拆成并列小句"这些成分虽然缺乏商业
价值，但对土地共同体的健康运转却必不可少"。
说明
逐句解析 句前 (N) 即考卷划线句题号，与卷面下划线句一一对应——满分 10 分、每句约 2 分，阅卷把每句切成意群按采 分点给分（★ 为采分点意群）。 【来源】美国生态学家阿尔多·利奥帕德(Aldo Leopold)的著作 A Sand County Almanac《沙乡 年鉴》。 【主旨】批判只看经济价值的自然保护观 全文核心立场是：One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. 作者认为只 用经济动机来衡量自然保护是根本性缺陷，主张土地共同体（land community）中无经济价值的 成员同样有存续权；语调批判中带反思，到结尾 a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. 进一步盖章定性为"严重失衡"。 killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.