36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that.
- A. both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries
- B. defendants are immune from trial by their peers
- C. no age limit should be imposed for jury service
- D. judgment should consider the opinion of the public
答案：D
答案句：Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.
参考译文：许多美国人将陪审团制度视为关键民主价值观的具体体现，其中包括以下原则：所有满足年龄和读写能力最低要求的公民都同样有资格担任陪审员；陪审员应从社区具有代表性的各阶层中随机挑选；任何公民都不应因种族、宗教、性别或民族血统而被剥夺担任陪审员的权利；被告有权接受同侪审判；以及裁决应代表社区的良知，而不仅仅是法律条文。
定位线索：题干“From the principles of the US jury system”→答案句取自第1段“principles”；文中“verdicts should represent the conscience of the community”对应选项D“judgment should consider the opinion of the public”（judgment=verdicts，opinion of the public=conscience of the community）。
解析：题干问从美国陪审制度的原则中我们了解到什么。答案句列举了五项原则，其中最后一项“verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law”直接对应选项D“judgment should consider the opinion of the public”，即裁决应考虑公众意见。选项A错误，因为原则要求“meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy”，并非文盲也可担任；选项B与原文“defendants are entitled to trial by their peers”相反；选项C错误，原文明确有“minimal qualifications of age”，并非无年龄限制。
37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed.
- A. the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws
- B. the prevalent discrimination against certain races
- C. the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures
- D. the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges
答案：A
答案句：But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.
参考译文：但就在1968年，陪审团遴选程序仍与这些民主理想相冲突。例如，在一些州，陪审团职责仅限于那些被认为具有卓越智力、教育和道德品质的人。尽管美国最高法院早在1880年斯特劳德诉西弗吉尼亚州案中就禁止了陪审团遴选中的蓄意种族歧视，但挑选所谓的精英或蓝带陪审团的做法为规避这项法律及其他反歧视法律提供了便利途径。
定位线索：题干“The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968”→答案句取自第2段“the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries”；文中“provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws”对应选项A“the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws”（around=规避，inadequacy=不足）。
解析：题干问1968年前挑选所谓精英陪审员的做法说明了什么。答案句指出，尽管最高法院已禁止种族歧视，但精英陪审团的做法“provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws”，即绕过了反歧视法律，说明这些法律存在漏洞、不够完善，对应选项A。选项B“prevalent discrimination against certain races”范围扩大，原文只提到规避法律，未说明歧视普遍；选项C“conflicting ideals”是第2段首句提到的背景，但题干问的是该做法“showed”什么，重点在规避法律；选项D“arrogance”无中生有。
38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because
- A. they were automatically banned by state laws
- B. they fell far short of the required qualifications
- C. they were supposed to perform domestic duties
- D. they tended to evade public engagement
答案：C
答案句：Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.
参考译文：即便如此，有几个州仍自动免除女性的陪审团职责，除非她们亲自要求将自己的名字列入陪审团名单。这种做法以女性在家中是必要的为由进行辩护，并且这使得陪审团在20世纪60年代一直缺乏女性代表。
定位线索：题干“Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states”→答案句取自第3段“it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s”；文中“women were needed at home”对应选项C“they were supposed to perform domestic duties”（needed at home=perform domestic duties）。
解析：题干问20世纪60年代一些州陪审团名单上很少有女性的原因。答案句明确指出，这种做法的理由是“women were needed at home”，即女性被认为需要在家操持家务，对应选项C。选项A“automatically banned by state laws”偷换概念，原文是“automatically exempted”（自动免除），并非禁止；选项B“fell far short of the required qualifications”无中生有，原文未提及女性资格不足；选项D“tended to evade public engagement”无中生有，原文未说女性逃避公共事务。
39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed,.
- A. sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished
- B. educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors
- C. jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community
- D. states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system
答案：B
答案句：In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.
参考译文：1968年，美国国会通过了《陪审团遴选与服务法》，开启了陪审团民主改革的新时代。该法律废除了对联邦陪审员的特殊教育要求，并要求从整个社区的各个阶层中随机挑选陪审员。
定位线索：题干“After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed”→答案句取自第4段“This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors”；文中“abolished special educational requirements”对应选项B“educational requirements became less rigid”（abolished=became less rigid，special educational requirements=educational requirements）。
解析：题干问《陪审团遴选与服务法》通过后的情况。答案句明确指出该法“abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors”，即废除了联邦陪审员的特殊教育要求，对应选项B“educational requirements became less rigid”。选项A“sex discrimination...had to be abolished”是1975年Taylor案的内容，不是该法通过后的直接结果；选项C“jurors at the state level”错误，该法针对联邦陪审员，州级是后来Taylor案扩展的；选项D“states ought to conform to the federal court”无中生有，原文未提及州需遵从联邦法院。
40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on.
- A. its nature and problems
- B. its characteristics and tradition
- C. its problems and their solutions
- D. its tradition and development
答案：D
答案句：Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. … But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. … In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. … The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.
参考译文：许多美国人将陪审团制度视为关键民主价值观的具体体现，包括以下原则：所有满足年龄和读写能力最低要求的公民都同样有资格担任陪审员；陪审员应从社区具有代表性的横断面中随机挑选；任何公民都不应因种族、宗教、性别或民族血统而被剥夺担任陪审员的权利；被告有权接受同侪审判；裁决应代表社区的良知，而不仅仅是法律条文。 … 但就在1968年，陪审团遴选程序与这些民主理想相冲突。 … 1968年，美国国会通过了《陪审团遴选与服务法》，开启了陪审团民主改革的新时代。 … 泰勒案的裁决还宣布陪审团遴选中的性别歧视违宪，并命令各州在遴选男性和女性陪审员时使用相同的程序。
定位线索：题干“the text centers on”概括全文主旨→答案句取自首段“Many Americans regard the jury system as...”、第二段“But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.”、第三段“In 1968, the Congress...passed the Jury Selection and Service Act...”、末段“The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination...unconstitutional”；文中“democratic values...conflicted...reforms”对应选项D“its tradition and development”。
解析：本题为主旨题。文章首段介绍陪审团制度的民主传统和价值观，第二、三段指出其历史问题（如精英陪审团、女性被排除），第四段讲述1968年法案和1975年泰勒案带来的改革与发展，整体结构为“传统—问题—发展”，对应选项D“its tradition and development”。选项A“its nature and problems”只涵盖前两段，未体现发展；选项B“its characteristics and tradition”未涉及问题和改革；选项C“its problems and their solutions”虽提到问题与解决，但未突出“传统”这一重要部分，且“solutions”不如“development”准确，故排除。