36. Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are.
- A. hard to determine
- B. narrowly interpreted
- C. difficult to ignore
- D. poorly summarized
答案：A
答案句：Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports.
参考译文：尽管伦理课在世界各地都很普遍，但科学家们不确定这些课程是否真的能改变行为；无论哪种观点的证据都很薄弱，依赖于人为设计的实验室测试或有时不可靠的自我报告。
定位线索：题干“Scientists generally believe”→答案句“scientists are unsure”；文中“unsure”对应选项“hard to determine”；文中“evidence either way is weak”进一步支持不确定性。
解析：题干问科学家普遍认为伦理课的效果如何，答案句首句明确指出科学家“unsure”（不确定），且证据薄弱，直接对应选项A“hard to determine”（难以确定）。选项B“narrowly interpreted”（狭隘地解释）无中生有，文中未提及解释方式；选项C“difficult to ignore”（难以忽视）与原文“unsure”矛盾；选项D“poorly summarized”（总结不佳）偷换概念，原文说的是证据弱而非总结差。
37. Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat eating?
- A. It is common among students.
- B. It is a behavior easy to measure.
- C. It is important to students' health.
- D. It is a hot topic in ethics classes.
答案：B
答案句：They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students' attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of
参考译文：据该研究的合著者、加州大学河滨分校的哲学家埃里克·施维茨格贝尔称，他们选择这一特定行为有三个原因：学生对这个话题的态度多变且不稳定，行为易于测量，而且伦理文献大体上同意少吃肉是有益的，因为它减少了对环境的危害和动物的痛苦。
定位线索：题干“a reason for the researchers to study meat eating”→答案句“They chose this particular behavior for three reasons”；文中“behavior is easily measurable”对应选项B“It is a behavior easy to measure”。
解析：题干问研究肉食行为的原因，答案句直接列出三个原因，其中“behavior is easily measurable”（行为易于测量）与选项B“It is a behavior easy to measure”完全对应。选项A“It is common among students”（在学生中普遍）无中生有，文中未提及普遍性；选项C“It is important to students' health”（对学生健康重要）偷换概念，文中说的是减少环境危害和动物痛苦，未提健康；选项D“It is a hot topic in ethics classes”（是伦理课的热门话题）范围扩大，文中只提到学生态度多变，未说热门。
38. Eric Schwitzgebel's previous findings suggest that ethics professors
- A. are seldom critical of their students
- B. are less sociable than other professors
- C. are not sensitive to political issues
- D. are not necessarily ethically better
答案：D
答案句：Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books.
参考译文：施维茨格贝尔预测干预不会有任何效果；他此前发现，伦理教授在一系列行为上与其他教授没有区别，包括投票率、献血和归还图书馆书籍。
定位线索：题干“Eric Schwitzgebel's previous findings”→答案句“he had previously found”；文中“ethics professors do not differ from other professors”对应选项D“are not necessarily ethically better”；文中“a range of behaviors”列举具体行为。
解析：题干问施维茨格贝尔之前的发现暗示了什么，答案句指出他之前发现伦理教授在其他行为上与其他教授没有区别，即伦理教授并不一定在道德上更好，对应选项D。选项A“are seldom critical of their students”（很少批评学生）无中生有，文中未提及批评学生；选项B“are less sociable than other professors”（比其他教授更不善社交）偷换概念，文中说的是行为无区别，未提社交能力；选项C“are not sensitive to political issues”（对政治问题不敏感）无中生有，文中未提政治。
39. Nina Strohminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is.
- A. permanent
- B. predictable
- C. uncertain
- D. unrepeatable
答案：C
答案句：Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real, she notes, it might be reversible by another nudge: “Easy come, easy go.”
参考译文：宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家尼娜·斯特罗明格没有参与这项研究，她说她希望这个效果是真实的，但不能排除一些未知的混杂变量。而且如果效果是真实的，她指出，它可能会被另一个推动所逆转：“来得容易，去得快。”
定位线索：题干“Nina Strohminger thinks”→答案句“she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable”；文中“cannot rule out”和“might be reversible”对应选项C“uncertain”；文中“Easy come, easy go”进一步强调不确定性。
解析：题干问尼娜·斯特罗明格认为干预的效果如何，答案句说她不能排除未知变量，且效果可能被逆转，表明她认为效果不确定，对应选项C“uncertain”。选项A“permanent”（永久的）与原文“might be reversible”矛盾；选项B“predictable”（可预测的）无中生有，文中未提可预测性；选项D“unrepeatable”（不可重复的）偷换概念，文中说的是可能被逆转，而非不可重复。
40. Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students' change in behavior.
- A. can bring psychological benefits
- B. can be analyzed statistically
- C. is a result of multiple factors
- D. is a sign of self-development
答案：C
答案句：Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence- classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now the
参考译文：施维茨格贝尔怀疑最大的影响来自社会影响——领导讨论的同学或助教可能分享了自己的素食主义，表明这是可实现的或更普遍的。其次，视频可能产生了情感影响。他认为，最不令人振奋的是理性论证，尽管他的合著者说理性可能发挥更大的作用。
定位线索：题干“Eric Schwitzgebel suspects”→答案句“Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence... Second, the video... Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument”；文中“social influence”“video”“rational argument”对应选项C“is a result of multiple factors”。
解析：题干问施维茨格贝尔怀疑学生行为改变的原因，答案句列举了三个因素：社会影响、视频的情感影响和理性论证，表明他认为这是多种因素共同作用的结果，对应选项C“is a result of multiple factors”。选项A“can bring psychological benefits”（能带来心理益处）无中生有，文中未提心理益处；选项B“can be analyzed statistically”（可以统计分析）偷换概念，文中说的是影响因素，未提统计分析；选项D“is a sign of self-development”（是自我发展的标志）无中生有，文中未提自我发展。