36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that
- A. Teamsters still have a large body of members.
- B. Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.
- C. unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.
- D. the government has improved its relationship with unionists.
答案：C
答案句：If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.
参考译文：如果工会主义者吉米·霍法今天还活着，他可能会代表公务员。1960年霍法的卡车司机工会全盛时期，只有十分之一的美国政府工作人员属于工会；现在这一比例达到36%。2009年，美国公共部门的工会成员人数超过了私营部门的同行。
定位线索：题干“learned from the first paragraph”→答案句取自第1段“now 36% do”和“passed that of their fellow members in the private sector”；文中“only one in ten...now 36% do”对应选项C“unions have enlarged their public-sector membership”（工会扩大了公共部门会员规模）。
解析：题干问从第一段能得知什么。答案句显示公共部门工会会员比例从1960年的十分之一上升到现在的36%，且2009年公共部门会员人数超过私营部门，直接说明公共部门工会会员增加，对应C项。A项“Teamsters still have a large body of members”无中生有，文中只提1960年全盛时期；B项“Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant”偷换概念，霍法是工会主义者而非公务员；D项“government has improved its relationship with unionists”无中生有，文中未提政府与工会关系。
37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?
- A. Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.
- B. Education is required for public-sector union membership.
- C. Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.
- D. Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.
答案：D
答案句：First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics.
参考译文：首先，他们可以停工而不必承担太多后果。其次，他们大多聪明且受过良好教育。美国四分之一的公共部门工人拥有大学学位。第三，他们现在主导中左翼政治。
定位线索：题干“true of Paragraph 2”→答案句取自第2段“they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences”；文中“without suffering much in the way of consequences”对应选项D“seldom get in trouble for their actions”（很少因行动惹上麻烦）。
解析：题干问第二段哪项正确。答案句明确说公共部门工会“可以停工而不必承担太多后果”，即很少因行动陷入麻烦，对应D项。A项“prudent in taking actions”无中生有，文中未提谨慎；B项“Education is required for membership”偷换概念，文中只说成员大多受过教育，并非入会要求；C项“Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions”与原文相反，文中说工党与工会主义长期关联。
38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
- A. illegally secured.
- B. indirectly augmented.
- C. excessively increased.
- D. fairly adjusted.
答案：B
答案句：In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
参考译文：在许多富裕国家，公共部门的平均工资高于私营部门。但真正的收益来自福利和工作实践。政客们一再“后置”公共部门的薪酬协议，保持工资涨幅温和，但增加假期，尤其是本已丰厚的养老金。
定位线索：题干“income in the state sector”→答案句取自第4段“keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions”；文中“adding to holidays and especially pensions”对应选项B“indirectly augmented”（间接增加）。
解析：题干问公共部门收入情况。答案句说工资涨幅温和，但通过增加假期和养老金来补偿，即收入以间接方式增加，对应B项。A项“illegally secured”无中生有，文中未提非法；C项“excessively increased”程度过重，文中说工资涨幅温和；D项“fairly adjusted”偷换概念，文中未提公平调整。
39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
- A. often run against the current political system.
- B. can change people’s political attitudes.
- C. may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.
- D. are dominant in the government.
答案：C
答案句：Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. … As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor.
参考译文：改革遭到强烈反对，最著名的或许是在教育领域，特许学校、学院和绩效工资都面临旷日持久的斗争。……随着对其他人造成的代价日益明显，政客们开始采取压制措施。在威斯康星州，工会召集了数千名支持者反对强硬的共和党州长斯科特·沃克。
定位线索：题干“example of the unions in Wisconsin”→答案句取自第6段“In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker”；例子前的观点句“Reform has been vigorously opposed”对应选项C“may be a barrier to public-sector reforms”（可能是公共部门改革的障碍）。
解析：题干问威斯康星州工会的例子说明什么。例子本身是工会召集支持者反对州长，但答案依据是例子前的观点句“Reform has been vigorously opposed”，即工会反对改革，对应C项。A项“run against the current political system”范围扩大，文中只反对特定州长；B项“can change people’s political attitudes”无中生有；D项“are dominant in the government”偷换概念，文中未提主导政府。
40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of
- A. disapproval.
- B. appreciation.
- C. tolerance.
- D. indifference.
答案：A
答案句：John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.
参考译文：哈佛大学肯尼迪学院的约翰·多纳休指出，西方公务员系统的文化规范适合那些想安于现状的人，但对高成就者不利。美国公共部门中年薪远超25万美元的只有大学体育教练和美国总统。银行家的高薪备受批评，但一个不奖励高成就者的公共部门体系对美国来说可能是更大的问题。
定位线索：题干“John Donahue’s attitude”→答案句取自第7段“is bad for high achievers”和“may be a much bigger problem”；文中“bad”和“problem”对应选项A“disapproval”（不赞成）。
解析：题干问多纳休对公共部门系统的态度。答案句用“bad for high achievers”和“may be a much bigger problem”表达负面评价，说明他不赞成现行系统，对应A项。B项“appreciation”与原文相反；C项“tolerance”程度不足，文中明确批评；D项“indifference”无中生有，多纳休明确表达观点。