The Chinese government has been vigorously promoting compulsory education so that every child can have access to education. Since the Compulsory Education Law came into effect in 1986, China has, through unremitting efforts, achieved the goal of making compulsory education available nationwide. Today in China, children start primary school at the age of six and receive a total of nine years of compulsory education from primary school to junior high school. Since the autumn semester of 2008, students in the compulsory education stage have no longer had to pay tuition fees. With the implementation of a series of educational reform measures, the quality of compulsory education in China has also improved significantly.
参考译法：The Chinese government has been vigorously promoting compulsory education so that every child can have access to education.
主干：政府推行义务教育（主语策略：原句主语）中文主语明确就是 中国政府，核心动词是"推行"，宾语是"义务教育"。英文主干立成 The Chinese government has been promoting compulsory education，主谓宾一一对应：主语 The Chinese government、谓语 promote、宾语 compulsory education。
语法点：- 时态"一直推行"是从过去持续到现在并仍在继续，用现在完成进行时 has been promoting，比单纯一般现在时更贴"一直"；这是相对全篇基调的合理偏离，原因正是 一直 这个延续标志。 - 主谓一致主语 The Chinese government 视作单数，助动词用 has 而非 have。 - 搭配"享有受教育的机会"用固定搭配 have access to education，access 后接 to；避免逐字译成 enjoy the chance of being educated 这类中式表达。
降级处理：目的状语降级"一直大力"是修饰谓语的副词性成分，"大力"用 vigorously / strongly 副词处理；"一直"靠时态（has been doing）体现。以使每个儿童都享有受教育的机会 是目的，不能再用 and 平铺成第二个谓语，而是降级成目的状语 so that every child can have access to education（或 to ensure that…）挂到主干后面。
2. 自1986年《义务教育法》生效以来，经过不懈努力，实现了在全国推行义务教育的目标。
参考译法：Since the Compulsory Education Law came into effect in 1986, China has, through unremitting efforts, achieved the goal of making compulsory education available nationwide.
主干：补主语China实现目标（主语策略：补主语）中文 实现了在全国推行义务教育的目标 是个无主句——谁实现的？由上一句语境知是中国/中国政府。故补主语，主干立成 China has achieved the goal：主语 China、谓语 achieve、宾语 the goal。
语法点：- 时态主句"实现了"是"自1986以来"延续至今的成果，用现在完成时 has achieved，与 Since 引导的时间起点呼应——这是"自……以来"句的固定时态搭配，属对全篇基调的必要偏离。从句"生效"是过去某点的动作，用一般过去时 came into effect。 - 专名统一《义务教育法》照 glossary 统一译作 the Compulsory Education Law，首字母大写、加定冠词 the；"义务教育"仍用 compulsory education。 - 搭配"生效"用 come into effect / take effect 固定搭配；"经过不懈努力"用 through unremitting / unremitting efforts，efforts 用复数。
降级处理：时间状语与目标内容降级自1986年《义务教育法》生效以来 降级成时间状语从句 Since the Compulsory Education Law came into effect in 1986；经过不懈努力 降级成介词短语 through unremitting efforts；在全国推行义务教育 是"目标"的具体内容，降级成 of 引导的同位修饰 the goal of nationwide compulsory education（或 of making compulsory education universal across the country）。三个成分都挂到唯一主干 China has achieved the goal 上，不另起句。
3. 如今，在中国, 儿童年满六周岁开始上小学, 从小学到初中一共接受九年义务教育。
参考译法：Today in China, children start primary school at the age of six and receive a total of nine years of compulsory education from primary school to junior high school.
主干：儿童上学并受教育（主语策略：原句主语）主语是 儿童（children），中文有两个动作"开始上小学"和"接受九年义务教育"，共用同一主语。主干以 children 为主语，谓语可处理成 start primary school 与 receive nine years of compulsory education 两个并列谓语，宾语分别是 primary school 与 nine years of compulsory education。
语法点：- 时态回指全篇基调用一般现在时：start、receive，因为这是对"现在中国孩子普遍如此"的常态陈述，且原文有 如今 明确指向现在。 - 单复数主语用复数 children 表泛指"中国的孩子们普遍"，比 a child 更自然；谓语相应用原形 start / receive（不加 s）。"九年"是复数 nine years。 - 冠词"上小学"指阶段，用 start primary school 不加冠词（类比 go to school）；"年满六周岁"固定表达 at the age of six。
降级处理：条件与范围降级年满六周岁 是"开始上小学"的条件，降级成时间/条件状语 at the age of six（或 when they turn six）；从小学到初中 是"接受九年义务教育"的范围，降级成介词短语 from primary school to junior high school 作状语；一共 用 a total of nine years 体现。整句重构成 children start primary school at the age of six and receive a total of nine years of compulsory education from primary school to junior high school。
4. 从2008年秋季学期开始, 义务教育阶段学生无须缴纳学费。
参考译法：Since the autumn semester of 2008, students in the compulsory education stage have no longer had to pay tuition fees.
主干：学生无须缴学费（主语策略：原句主语）主语是 义务教育阶段学生（students in the compulsory education stage），核心是"无须缴纳学费"。主干立成 students no longer need to pay tuition fees：主语 students、谓语 need（否定）、宾语 to pay tuition fees。
语法点：- 时态"从2008年开始（一直免费至今）"用现在完成时 have no longer had to pay 或更简洁地用 have been exempt from / no longer pay，呼应 Since；这是相对基调的必要偏离。若用一般现在时 no longer pay 也可，但需保留 Since 表延续感。 - 单复数students 用复数泛指；"学费"tuition fees 习惯用复数（或不可数 tuition）。 - 搭配"无须缴纳学费"地道说法：no longer have to pay tuition fees / are exempt from tuition fees；exempt 后接 from。避免中式直译 needn't pay the study money。
降级处理：时间起点状语降级从2008年秋季学期开始 是时间起点，降级成句首时间状语 Since the autumn semester of 2008（用 Since 而非 from，因为它表"自那时起延续至今"）。无须缴纳 用否定结构 no longer have to / are exempt from 表达。这是一句结构简单的句子，主干 + 一个时间状语即可，无需更多降级。
5. 随着一系列教育改革举措的实施, 中国义务教育的质量也有显著提高。
参考译法：With the implementation of a series of educational reform measures, the quality of compulsory education in China has also improved significantly.
主干：教育质量显著提高（主语策略：原句主语）主语是 中国义务教育的质量（the quality of compulsory education in China），核心动作是"提高"。主干立成 the quality has improved significantly：主语 the quality、谓语 improve、"显著"作副词 significantly 修饰谓语。improve 用作不及物动词，质量"自身提高"，故主语就是质量本身。
语法点：- 时态"也有显著提高"是已经取得并持续的成果，用现在完成时 has improved 最贴；若理解为现状陈述用一般现在时 is improving 亦可。这里取完成时，呼应"改革举措实施后带来的结果"。 - 主谓一致主语中心词是 the quality（单数，不是 measures），故谓语用 has improved 单数，别被前面复数的 measures 带偏成 have。 - 搭配"显著提高"用 improve significantly / remarkably；"一系列举措"a series of measures（series 单复数同形，a series of 后接复数名词）；"实施"the implementation of。
降级处理：随着引导伴随状语随着一系列教育改革举措的实施 是"质量提高"的伴随/原因背景，降级成 With 引导的介词短语 With the implementation of a series of educational reform measures，作伴随状语挂在主干前。"一系列"用 a series of，"实施"名词化为 the implementation of。