China is a vast country with a large population, and in many places people speak their own dialects. Dialects differ greatly in pronunciation, but they differ little in vocabulary and grammar. Some dialects, especially those in the north and the south, differ so greatly that people who speak different dialects often find it difficult to understand each other. Dialects are considered a part of local culture, but in recent years the number of people who can speak them has been decreasing. To encourage people to speak local dialects more, some local governments have taken measures, such as offering dialect courses in schools and broadcasting dialect programs on radio and television, in the hope of preserving the local cultural heritage.
逐句译法
1. 中国幅员辽阔,人口众多,很多地方人们都说自己的方言。
参考译法:China is a vast country with a large population, and in many places people speak their own dialects.
主干:China 作主语,分述国土与人口(主语策略:原句主语)本句中文是三个并列小句,但真正的主语是「中国」。可把前两个小句 中国幅员辽阔,人口众多 处理成对 China 的描述(China is a vast country with a large population),后一句 很多地方人们都说自己的方言 单独成句、以 people 作主语。主干即 China is... 与 people speak...。
语法点:- 时态回指全篇基调,客观陈述事实,用一般现在时:China is...、people speak...。 - 单复数很多地方 译 many places 用复数;方言 此处「自己的方言」泛指多种,用 their own dialects 复数。 - 冠词a vast country、a large population 都是单数可数/搭配用法,加不定冠词 a。
降级处理:「幅员辽阔、人口众多」降级为 with 短语把 幅员辽阔 译为表语 a vast country,把 人口众多 降级为 with a large population 的介词短语后置修饰 country,避免写成 China is vast and the population is large 这种并列流水句。末句 很多地方人们都说自己的方言 用 in many places 作地点状语前置或后置。
2. 方言在发音上差别很大,词汇和语法差别较小。
参考译法:Dialects differ greatly in pronunciation, but they differ little in vocabulary and grammar.
主干:dialects 作主语,differ 作谓语(主语策略:原句主语)本句主语是 方言(dialects),核心是「差别」。可用 dialects differ greatly in pronunciation 立主干,谓语动词选 differ/vary(比名词 difference 更地道)。后半 词汇和语法差别较小 与前半构成对比,可用 but 引出 the differences in vocabulary and grammar are relatively small。
降级处理:前后对比用 but+名词结构呈现前半「发音差别大」用动词结构 differ greatly in pronunciation;后半 词汇和语法差别较小 程度相反,用 but 引出对比,译为 but they differ little in vocabulary and grammar,或 while the differences in vocabulary and grammar are relatively small,让「大」与「小」的反差显出来。
3. 有些方言,特别是北方和南方的方言,差异很大,以致于说不同方言的人常常很难听懂彼此的讲话。
参考译法:Some dialects, especially those in the north and the south, differ so greatly that people who speak different dialects often find it difficult to understand each other.
主干:Some dialects 作主语,differ so greatly 立主干(主语策略:原句主语)主语取 有些方言(Some dialects),主干为 Some dialects differ so greatly that...。核心是「差异很大,以致于……」这一「如此……以致于」的因果结构,用 so... that... 句型承载,是本句的骨架。
语法点:- 时态全句一般现在时:differ、speak、find it difficult,回指基调。 - 句型so...that... 因果句型承载 差异很大,以致于;从句里 很难听懂 用 find it difficult to understand,it 作形式宾语。 - 单复数与代词people who speak different dialects 主语为复数,谓语 find;彼此 译 each other 作宾语。
降级处理:插入语作同位、结果句降为 that 从句特别是北方和南方的方言 是对「有些方言」的补充说明,降级为 especially those in the north and the south 作插入同位语,用逗号隔开。说不同方言的人 中的「说不同方言的」用定语从句 who speak different dialects 后置修饰 people。结果分句整体放进 that 从句。
4. 方言被认为是当地文化的一个组成部分,但近年来能说方言的人数不断减少。
参考译法:Dialects are considered a part of local culture, but in recent years the number of people who can speak them has been decreasing.
主干:前半被动 dialects are considered,后半 the number 作主语(主语策略:转被动)前半 方言被认为是当地文化的一个组成部分 中文已是「被」字句,主语「方言」是动作的承受者,用被动 dialects are considered (to be) a part of local culture。后半 能说方言的人数不断减少 转换话题,以 the number of people 作主语,谓语 has been decreasing。两半用 but 连接。
语法点:- 语态前半用被动 are considered,承接 被认为。 - 时态近年来+不断减少 表示从过去延续到现在的持续变化,偏离基调改用现在完成进行/完成时 has been decreasing/has been falling,比单纯一般现在时更贴切。 - 主谓一致the number of people 主语中心词是 the number,单数,谓语用 has;切勿被 of people 带成复数 have。
降级处理:「能说方言的」降为后置定语,转折用 but后半 能说方言的人数 中「能说方言的」修饰「人」,降为后置定语 people who can speak dialects 或 the number of dialect speakers。前后两半是转折关系(方言重要 vs. 会说的人却在减少),用 but 连接,不要照中文用逗号一平铺。
参考译法:To encourage people to speak local dialects more, some local governments have taken measures, such as offering dialect courses in schools and broadcasting dialect programs on radio and television, in the hope of preserving the local cultural heritage.
主干:local governments 作主语,have taken measures 立主干(主语策略:原句主语)本句主语是 一些地方政府(some local governments),核心动词是 已经采取措施(have taken measures)。主干即 Some local governments have taken measures。句首 为了鼓励人们更多说本地语言 是目的状语,句中两个「如……」是 measures 的具体举例,句末 以期保存本地的文化遗产 又是一层目的状语。
语法点:- 时态已经采取措施 表已完成并影响现在,偏离基调用现在完成时 have taken;举例的动名词不涉时态。 - 非谓语并列such as 后两个举例须用同一形式并列:offering... and broadcasting...(动名词对动名词),保持平行结构。 - 冠词与不可数文化遗产 heritage 不可数,不加 a、不加复数,写 the local cultural heritage 特指本地的。 - 介词搭配在广播和电视上 用 on radio and television;in the hope of+动名词、so as to+动词原形,搭配别混用。
降级处理:目的状语用 to do/in order to,举例用 such as+动名词句首 为了鼓励人们更多说本地语言 译目的状语 To encourage people to speak local dialects more。两个举例 在学校开设方言课、在广播和电视上播放方言节目 用 such as 引出、动词改动名词并列:such as offering dialect courses in schools and broadcasting dialect programs on radio and television。句末 以期保存本地的文化遗产 用 so as to/in the hope of 引出第二层目的:in the hope of preserving the local cultural heritage。
词汇与译名提示
方言全篇反复出现的核心词 方言,统一译为 dialect(s),复数视语境而定。这是约定俗成的对应词,不要时而 dialect、时而 local language 来回换(原文末尾的「本地语言」可视作方言的同义复指,译时仍可回到 dialect 或用 local language,但「方言」本身全篇锁定 dialect)。
文化遗产文化遗产 统一译为 cultural heritage,这是固定搭配的约定俗成译名;heritage 为不可数名词,前面不加 a、也不加复数。
地方政府地方政府 统一译为 local governments,与文中 当地文化/本地语言 的「当地/本地」统一用 local 对应,保持全篇 local 一词的译法一致。
第2句承接第1句——补主语指代避免重复第1句末尾已引出 dialects,第2句开头无需再用别的说法重复,直接以 Dialects 作主语承接即可;句内后半也用代词 they(they differ little in vocabulary and grammar)回指,避免第二次写出 dialects,读起来更顺。
第3句与第2句——用 some 收窄范围自然过渡第2句讲方言的总体差异,第3句 有些方言 把镜头收到「某些差异极大的方言」上,用 Some dialects 开头,与前句的泛指 Dialects 形成「总—分」的信息推进,读者能感到话题在自然聚焦,不显突兀。
第4句内部——but 显化「重要却在流失」的转折方言被认为是当地文化的一个组成部分,但近年来能说方言的人数不断减少 前后是鲜明转折,英文务必用 but 连接两个分句;后半用代词 them 回指前文的 dialects(who can speak them),避免第三次写 dialects。
第5句承接第4句——因果隐含,举措回应流失第4句点出「会说方言的人在减少」,第5句讲政府「采取措施鼓励多说方言」,二者隐含因果(正因流失才采取措施)。可在第5句句首保留目的状语 To encourage people to speak local dialects more 自然承接前句的「减少」,读者即能读出应对关系,无须再硬加连接词。