The peony is bright in color and elegant in appearance, and it symbolizes peace and prosperity, so it is known as "the king of flowers" in China. Peonies are cultivated and grown in many parts of China. Over the centuries, many poems and paintings have been created to praise the peony. During the Tang Dynasty, peonies were widely planted in royal gardens and honored as the national flower, thus becoming especially popular. In the tenth century, the ancient city of Luoyang became the center of peony cultivation, a status it has maintained to this day. Today, thousands of domestic tourists flock to Luoyang to attend the annual Peony Festival, appreciate the unique beauty of Luoyang's peonies, and explore the history of the ancient capital of nine dynasties.
逐句译法
1. 牡丹花色艳丽，形象高雅，象征着和平与繁荣，因而在中国被称为"花中之王"。
参考译法：The peony is bright in color and elegant in appearance, and it symbolizes peace and prosperity, so it is known as "the king of flowers" in China.
主干：牡丹作主语，分两段陈述（主语策略：原句主语）中文主语明确就是 牡丹，全句围绕它说了四件事。可把它拆成两个分句处理：前半 The peony is bright in color and elegant in appearance（系表结构陈述特征），后半 it symbolizes peace and prosperity（peony 作主语、symbolize 作谓语、peace and prosperity 作宾语）。主语自始至终是 peony，不必另补。
语法点：- 时态陈述牡丹的恒常特征与象征，回指全篇基调用一般现在时：is / symbolizes / is known。 - 语态被称为 是被动，承受者「牡丹」作主语，用被动 is known as / is called，这正是英文比汉语更爱用被动的典型处。 - 主谓一致主语 the peony 是第三人称单数，谓语 symbolizes 要加 -s，初学者最易漏。 - 介词搭配「被称为」用 be known as / be called，as 后接称号；「在中国」用 in China。
降级处理：因果用 and so/thus 收束本句中文是「特征+象征→所以被称为」的因果链。把 花色艳丽，形象高雅 译成两个并列形容词短语 bright in color and elegant in appearance，象征着和平与繁荣 用 symbolize 带出，最后 因而在中国被称为"花中之王" 是结果，用 and is therefore known as / thus earning... 降级挂到主干上，而不是中文式地用四个逗号平铺。
2. 中国许多地方都培育和种植牡丹。
参考译法：Peonies are cultivated and grown in many parts of China.
主干：许多地方作主语（主语策略：原句主语）中文主语是 中国许多地方，谓语是 培育和种植，宾语是 牡丹：Peonies are cultivated and grown in many parts of China，或主动 Many places in China cultivate and grow peonies。考虑到强调牡丹被广泛栽培，转被动更自然。
语法点：- 时态陈述当下普遍现象，跟全篇基调用一般现在时。 - 语态选被动 are cultivated and grown，让承受者 peonies 作主语，呼应上一句也以牡丹为话题。 - 单复数泛指牡丹这种花用复数 peonies；主语复数，be 动词用 are。
降级处理：两动词并列作谓语培育和种植 是两个并列动词 cultivate and grow，被动下合并为 are cultivated and grown，by 短语省略（无须点明施动者）。本句结构简单，无需多层降级。
3. 千百年来，创造了许多诗歌和绘画赞美牡丹。
参考译法：Over the centuries, many poems and paintings have been created to praise the peony.
主干：无主句，承受者提作主语（主语策略：转被动）中文 创造了许多诗歌和绘画 是无主句（没说谁创造），不能硬补 people 显得啰嗦。把承受者 许多诗歌和绘画 提作主语转被动：Many poems and paintings have been created（to praise...）。
语法点：- 时态千百年来 表示从过去延续至今、且对现在有结果（这些诗画流传至今），用现在完成时 have been created，这是本句偏离一般现在时基调的合理之处。 - 语态无主句转被动 have been created，承受者 poems and paintings 作主语。 - 单复数许多诗歌和绘画 是复数 many poems and paintings，助动词用 have。
降级处理：赞美牡丹作目的状语赞美牡丹 是创造诗画的目的，降级成不定式 to praise the peony 作目的状语挂在主干后，而不是另起一个并列动词。千百年来 是时间状语 over the centuries / for thousands of years，放句首或句末。
4. 唐代时期，牡丹在皇家园林普遍种植并被誉为国花，因而特别风行。
参考译法：During the Tang Dynasty, peonies were widely planted in royal gardens and honored as the national flower, thus becoming especially popular.
主干：牡丹作主语，被动陈述（主语策略：转被动）话题仍是 牡丹。在皇家园林普遍种植 与 被誉为国花 都是牡丹承受的动作，转被动让 peonies 作主语：peonies were widely planted in royal gardens and honored as the national flower。
语法点：- 时态唐代时期 是明确的历史时间，整句偏离现在时基调，用一般过去时：were planted、(were) honored、became。 - 语态普遍种植、被誉为 均为被动 were widely planted、(were) honored as。 - 单复数牡丹泛指用复数 peonies；皇家园林不止一处用复数 royal gardens。 - 冠词国花 是独一无二的特指，用 the national flower 加定冠词。
降级处理：因而风行降级成结果唐代时期 是时间状语 During the Tang Dynasty 放句首。因而特别风行 是结果，降级成分词结构 thus becoming especially popular，或独立分句 and thus became very popular，挂在两个被动谓语之后，体现因果。
5. 十世纪时，洛阳古城成为牡丹栽培中心，而且这一地位一直保持到今天。
参考译法：In the tenth century, the ancient city of Luoyang became the center of peony cultivation, a status it has maintained to this day.
主干：洛阳作主语，前后两时态（主语策略：原句主语）主语是 洛阳古城 the ancient city of Luoyang。前半 成为牡丹栽培中心 是过去：became the center of peony cultivation；后半 这一地位一直保持到今天 延续至今：a status it has maintained to this day，用定语从句承接。
语法点：- 时态十世纪时 触发过去时 became；一直保持到今天 延续至今用现在完成时 has maintained/retained，一句内两时态各司其职。 - 冠词洛阳古城 特指唯一一座城，用 the ancient city of Luoyang；牡丹栽培中心 特指那个唯一中心用 the center。 - 主谓一致定语从句主语 it（指洛阳）是单数，完成时助动词用 has 而非 have。
降级处理：保持至今降级成定语从句而且这一地位一直保持到今天 不另起一句平铺，而是用 a status (which) it has retained / maintained to this day 定语从句，把「这一地位」回指前面的 center，挂到主干后，体现「保持的正是这个中心地位」。
参考译法：Today, thousands of domestic tourists flock to Luoyang to attend the annual Peony Festival, appreciate the unique beauty of Luoyang's peonies, and explore the history of the ancient capital of nine dynasties.
主干：游客作主语，蜂拥作谓语（主语策略：原句主语）主语是 成千上万的国内游客 thousands of domestic tourists，谓语是 蜂拥到洛阳 flock to Luoyang。后面 参加…牡丹节、欣赏…独特之美、探索…历史 三个动作都是来洛阳的目的，不与主干并列。
语法点：- 时态现在 明确指当下，回到全篇基调用一般现在时 flock，与历史段落的过去时形成对照收束全篇。 - 主谓一致主语 thousands of domestic tourists 是复数，谓语 flock 用原形不加 -s。 - 单复数成千上万 用 thousands of（of 前 thousand 加 s）；洛阳牡丹 泛指用复数 peonies。 - 冠词一年一度的牡丹节 特指唯一节庆用 the annual Peony Festival；九朝古都 特指洛阳用 the ancient capital。
降级处理：三动作降级成目的不定式三个目的动作降级成不定式串：to attend the annual Peony Festival, (to) appreciate the unique beauty of Luoyang's peonies, and (to) explore the history of the ancient capital of nine dynasties。它们并列共享一个 to，挂在 flock to Luoyang 之后，主干清爽。