53. What happened when the negative reciprocity variable was taken into account?
- A. Both men and women were found to engage in negative behaviors.
- B. Neither men nor women viewed booking late as a bad behavior.
- C. The gender difference in airfare expenses no longer existed.
- D. The gender gap tended to narrow to a significant degree.
答案：C
答案句：We found that only the concept of “negative reciprocity”-in which an employee who feels unfairly treated engages in negative behaviors, such as spending their company's money less carefully-explains these differences. … It only means that the gender gap disappears when we plug in the negative reciprocity variable.
参考译文：我们发现，只有“负互惠”的概念——即感到不公平对待的员工会表现出负面行为，例如不那么谨慎地花公司的钱——才能解释这些差异。……这仅仅意味着，当我们加入负互惠变量时，性别差距就消失了。
定位线索：题干“when the negative reciprocity variable was taken into account”→答案句“when we plug in the negative reciprocity variable”；文中“the gender gap disappears”对应选项C“The gender difference in airfare expenses no longer existed”。
解析：题干问当考虑负互惠变量时发生了什么。答案句明确说“当我们加入负互惠变量时，性别差距就消失了”，与选项C“机票费用的性别差异不再存在”直接对应。选项A“男女都表现出负面行为”与原文“男性更倾向于”不符；选项B“都不认为晚订是坏行为”无中生有；选项D“差距显著缩小”程度过轻，原文是“消失”，不是“缩小”。
54. What did prior research on negative reciprocity among workers find?
- A. It can do more harm to the workplace than to employees.
- B. It contributes to the male-female divide in the workplace.
- C. It proves to be counterproductive in a number of ways.
- D. It can result in increasing labor-management conflicts.
答案：C
答案句：Prior research on negative reciprocity among workers found that it can result in lower employee motivation, business performance and workplace morale (士气) and culture.
参考译文：先前关于员工负互惠的研究发现，它可能导致员工积极性降低、企业绩效下降以及工作场所士气和文化受损。
定位线索：题干“prior research on negative reciprocity”→答案句“Prior research on negative reciprocity among workers found”；文中“lower employee motivation, business performance and workplace morale and culture”对应选项C“counterproductive in a number of ways”。
解析：题干问先前关于员工负互惠的研究发现了什么。答案句指出它“可能导致员工积极性降低、企业绩效下降以及工作场所士气和文化受损”，即多种负面影响，与选项C“在许多方面适得其反”对应。选项A“对工作场所的伤害大于对员工的伤害”无中生有；选项B“导致工作场所的性别分歧”偷换概念，原文未提及；选项D“导致劳资冲突增加”无中生有。
55. What does the author emphasize about their analysis in the last paragraph?
- A. It can help companies increase their savings significantly.
- B. It can duly contribute to companies' business performance.
- C. It can translate women's booking practice into men's behavior.
- D. It can enhance large multinational companies' competitiveness.
答案：A
答案句：Companies spend significant sums of money on business travel. While that $18 difference per ticket may seem small, it adds up. Our analysis suggests early booking by women can translate into savings of $1 million a year for a large multinational company with 20,000 regular travelers.
参考译文：公司在商务旅行上花费大量资金。虽然每张机票18美元的差异看似很小，但累积起来就多了。我们的分析表明，女性提前预订可以为一家拥有2万名常旅客的大型跨国公司每年节省100万美元。
定位线索：题干“emphasize about their analysis in the last paragraph”→答案句“Our analysis suggests early booking by women can translate into savings of $1 million a year”；文中“savings”对应选项A“increase their savings significantly”。
解析：题干问作者在最后一段强调分析的什么。答案句指出“女性提前预订可以为大型跨国公司每年节省100万美元”，强调节省金额可观，与选项A“能显著增加公司的储蓄”对应。选项B“促进公司业绩”无中生有，原文未提及；选项C“将女性预订行为转化为男性行为”偷换概念，原文是“转化为节省”；选项D“增强竞争力”无中生有，原文未提及。