51. What does the passage mainly discuss regarding scientific research?
- A. Its foundation.
- B. Its rewards.
- C. Its prospect.
- D. Its funding.
答案：D
答案句：Today, most scientific research is funded by government grants, companies doing research and development, and non-profit foundations. … Funding for science has changed with the times. … In a perfect world, money wouldn't matter-all scientific studies would be completely objective. But in the real world, funding may introduce biases. … So what should we make of all this? Should we ignore any research funded by companies or special interest groups? Certainly not. These groups provide invaluable funding for scientific research.
参考译文：如今，大多数科学研究由政府拨款、从事研发的公司和非营利基金会资助。… 科学资助随着时代而改变。… 在完美的世界里，金钱无关紧要——所有科学研究都会完全客观。但在现实世界中，资助可能会引入偏见。… 那么我们该如何看待这一切？我们是否应该忽视任何由公司或特殊利益集团资助的研究？当然不是。这些团体为科学研究提供了宝贵的资金。
定位线索：题干“mainly discuss”→全文围绕“funding”展开；文中“funded by”“Funding for science”“funding may introduce biases”“funding for scientific research”对应选项D“Its funding”。
解析：文章首段点明科学研究由多方资助，第二段讲资助方式的历史变化，第三段讲资助可能带来偏见，末段讨论如何对待资助研究，全文主线是“funding”。选项A“foundation”偷换概念，B“rewards”和C“prospect”均非全文重点，D准确概括主旨。
52. What do we learn from the passage about researchers like birdwatchers and rock collectors?
- A. They have little access to government funding.
- B. They can do research with limited resources.
- C. They can do amateur work in their own fields.
- D. They have no means for large-scale research.
答案：B
答案句：And, of course, some researchers today still fund small-scale studies out of their own pockets. Most of us can't afford to do nuclear research as a private hobby, but birdwatchers, rock collectors, and others can do real research on a limited budget.
参考译文：当然，如今一些研究人员仍然自掏腰包资助小规模研究。我们大多数人负担不起把核研究当作私人爱好，但观鸟者、岩石收藏者和其他人可以在有限的预算内做真正的研究。
定位线索：题干“birdwatchers and rock collectors”→答案句“birdwatchers, rock collectors”；文中“on a limited budget”对应选项B“with limited resources”。
解析：答案句明确指出观鸟者等可以在有限预算内做真正的研究，与选项B“with limited resources”同义。选项A“little access to government funding”原文未提，C“amateur work”偷换概念（原文说“real research”），D“no means for large-scale research”程度过重，原文只说“can't afford nuclear research”。
55. What does the author think of research funded by industry or special interest groups?
- A. Its recommendations should be examined for feasibility.
- B. Its misleading results should be corrected in time.
- C. Its validity should be checked with additional care.
- D. Its hidden biases should be identified independently.
答案：C
答案句：Meanwhile, it pays to examine studies funded by industry or special interest groups with extra care.
参考译文：与此同时，仔细审视由行业或特殊利益集团资助的研究是值得的。
定位线索：题干“research funded by industry or special interest groups”→答案句“studies funded by industry or special interest groups”；文中“examine...with extra care”对应选项C“checked with additional care”。
解析：答案句建议对这类研究“examine with extra care”，即额外仔细审查，对应选项C“validity should be checked with additional care”。选项A“feasibility”偷换概念，B“misleading results should be corrected”是原文提到的科学进程但非作者对研究的看法，D“identified independently”原文未提，均不准确。