52. As used in a National Academy of Sciences report, the term “climate change” differs from “global warming” in that.
- A. it sounds less vague
- B. it looks more scientific
- C. it covers more phenomena
- D. it is much closer to reality
答案：C
答案句：In 1979, a National Academy of Sciences report used the term “global warming” to define increases in the Earth's average surface temperature, while “climate change” more broadly referred to the numerous effects of this increase，such as sea-level rise and ocean acidification(酸化).
参考译文：1979年，一份美国国家科学院报告用“全球变暖”来定义地球平均地表温度的上升，而“气候变化”则更广泛地指代这种上升的众多影响，如海平面上升和海洋酸化。
定位线索：题干“As used in a National Academy of Sciences report”定位到答案句“In 1979, a National Academy of Sciences report”；文中“climate change more broadly referred to the numerous effects”对应选项C“it covers more phenomena”；文中“global warming...define increases in temperature”与“climate change...numerous effects”形成对比。
解析：答案句明确区分了两者：“global warming”仅指温度上升，而“climate change”更广泛地指代“numerous effects”（众多影响），如海平面上升和海洋酸化，因此“climate change”涵盖更多现象，对应选项C。选项A“更不模糊”、B“更科学”、D“更接近现实”均未在原文中体现，属于无中生有。
53. What did industrialists of the late 20th century resort to in order to mislead Americans?
- A. Made-up survey results.
- B. Hired climate experts.
- C. False research findings.
- D. Deliberate choice of words.
答案：D
答案句：During the following decades, some industrialists and politicians launched a campaign to sow doubt in the minds of the American public about the ability of fossil-fuel use, deforestation and other human activities to influence the planet's climate. … Word use played a critical role in developing that doubt. For example, the language and polls expert Frank Luntz wrote a memo encouraging the use of “climate change” because the phrase sounded less scary than “global warming,” reported the Guardian.
参考译文：在接下来的几十年里，一些实业家和政治家发起了一场运动，在美国公众心中播下怀疑的种子，怀疑化石燃料的使用、森林砍伐和其他人类活动影响地球气候的能力。… 词语的使用在制造这种怀疑中起了关键作用。例如，据《卫报》报道，语言和民意调查专家弗兰克·伦茨写了一份备忘录，鼓励使用“气候变化”，因为这个词听起来没有“全球变暖”那么可怕。
定位线索：题干“industrialists of the late 20th century resort to in order to mislead Americans”对应答案句“industrialists and politicians launched a campaign to sow doubt”；文中“Word use played a critical role”和“encouraging the use of 'climate change'”对应选项D“Deliberate choice of words”；文中“sow doubt”对应题干“mislead”。
解析：题干问实业家如何误导美国人，答案句指出他们“launched a campaign to sow doubt”，而“Word use played a critical role in developing that doubt”，随后举例弗兰克·伦茨建议使用“climate change”一词，说明他们通过刻意选择词语来误导公众，对应选项D“Deliberate choice of words”。选项A“捏造调查结果”、B“雇佣气候专家”、C“虚假研究结果”均未在原文提及，属于无中生有。