53. What do we learn about the “natural world”characterized by Thomas Hobbes?
- A. It gets misrepresented by philosophers and anthropologists.
- B. It gets distorted in Darwin's The Origin of Species.
- C. It is free from the rational intervention of humans.
- D. It is the pre-rational world rarely appreciated nowadays.
答案：C
答案句：Thomas Hobbes, one of the great philosophers of the seventeenth century, is perhaps best remembered for his characterization of the “natural world”, that is, the world before the imposition of the will of humanity, as being “nasty, brutish, and short.”
参考译文：托马斯·霍布斯，十七世纪伟大的哲学家之一，或许最为人铭记的是他对“自然世界”的描述，即人类意志施加之前的世界，是“肮脏、野蛮且短暂的”。
定位线索：题干“natural world characterized by Thomas Hobbes”对应答案句“his characterization of the 'natural world'”；文中“the world before the imposition of the will of humanity”对应选项C“free from the rational intervention of humans”。
解析：题干问关于霍布斯描述的“自然世界”我们了解到什么。答案句明确指出“自然世界”是“人类意志施加之前的世界”，即没有人类理性干预的世界，与选项C“不受人类理性干预”对应。选项A“被哲学家和人类学家歪曲”无中生有；选项B“在达尔文《物种起源》中被扭曲”错误，原文未提及霍布斯观点被达尔文扭曲；选项D“是如今很少被欣赏的前理性世界”中“很少被欣赏”原文未提及，且原文说“这一前理性世界的形象仍被广泛持有”，与“很少被欣赏”矛盾。
54. What can we conclude from Darwin's assertion in The Origin of Species?
- A. All species inherently depend on others for survival.
- B. Struggles for survival do not exclude mutual support.
- C. Competition weighs as much as cooperation as a survival strategy.
- D. The strongest species proves to be the fittest in natural selection.
答案：B
答案句：As it has often been pointed out, however, there is nothing in the concept of natural selection that suggests that competition is the most successful strategy for “survival of the fittest.”Darwin asserted in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and could easily include dependence and cooperation.
参考译文：然而，正如人们经常指出的，自然选择的概念中没有任何内容表明竞争是“适者生存”最成功的策略。达尔文在《物种起源》中断言，他所描述的斗争应被视为隐喻，并且可以很容易地包括依赖和合作。
定位线索：题干“Darwin's assertion in The Origin of Species”对应答案句“Darwin asserted in The Origin of Species”；文中“struggles...could easily include dependence and cooperation”对应选项B“Struggles for survival do not exclude mutual support”。
解析：题干问从达尔文在《物种起源》中的断言能得出什么结论。答案句明确指出达尔文断言他所描述的“斗争”应被视为隐喻，且“可以很容易地包括依赖和合作”，即生存斗争并不排除相互支持，与选项B对应。选项A“所有物种天生依赖他人生存”程度过重，原文只说斗争可包括依赖，并非所有物种都依赖；选项C“竞争与作为生存策略的合作同等重要”无中生有，原文未比较两者重要性；选项D“最强物种被证明在自然选择中最适者”曲解原文，原文明确说自然选择概念中无内容表明竞争是最成功策略。