46. The author is critical of the Paris climate agreement because
- A. it is unfair to those climate-vulnerable nations
- B. it aims to keep temperature rise below 2℃ only
- C. it is beneficial to only fewer than 4% of countries
- D. it burdens developed countries with the sole responsibility
答案：A
答案句：The Paris agreement has been widely hailed as a positive step forward in addressing climate change for all, although the details on addressing “climate justice” can be best described as sketchy. … The most climate-vulnerable countries in the world have contributed very little to creating the global disease from which they now suffer the most.
参考译文：巴黎协议被广泛誉为在应对气候变化方面向前迈出的积极一步，尽管其在解决“气候正义”方面的细节最多只能说是粗略的。… 世界上气候最脆弱的国家，对造成它们现在受害最深的全球性问题的贡献微乎其微。
定位线索：题干“critical of the Paris climate agreement”→答案句取自第5段“the details on addressing 'climate justice' can be best described as sketchy”及末段“contributed very little to creating the global disease”；文中“sketchy”对应选项A“unfair”（隐含批评）；文中“climate-vulnerable countries”对应选项A“those climate-vulnerable nations”。
解析：题干问作者批评巴黎协议的原因。答案句指出协议在气候正义方面细节“粗略”，且气候脆弱国家受害最深却贡献最少，暗示协议对它们不公，对应A项。B项“仅将升温控制在2℃以下”是协议目标，并非批评点；C项“仅对少于4%的国家有利”偷换概念，原文说这些国家排放多；D项“发达国家承担唯一责任”与原文“无正式区分”矛盾。
47. Why does the author call some developed countries climate “free-riders”?
- A. They needn't worry about the food and water they consume.
- B. They are better able to cope with the global climate change.
- C. They hardly pay anything for the problems they have caused.
- D. They are free from the greenhouse effects affecting “forced riders”.
答案：C
答案句：Developed nations such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and European countries are essentially climate “free-riders”: causing the majority of the problems through high greenhouse gas emissions, while incurring few of the costs such as climate change's impact on food and water.
参考译文：澳大利亚、美国、加拿大和欧洲国家等发达国家本质上就是气候“搭便车者”：通过高温室气体排放造成大部分问题，却很少承担气候变化对食物和水的影响等成本。
定位线索：题干“climate 'free-riders'”→答案句取自第3段“Developed nations... are essentially climate 'free-riders'”；文中“incurring few of the costs”对应选项C“hardly pay anything for the problems”。
解析：题干问为何称发达国家为“搭便车者”。答案句直接解释：它们造成大部分问题却很少承担成本，即C项“几乎不为造成的问题付出代价”。A项“不用担心消费的食物和水”曲解原文；B项“更能应对气候变化”无中生有；D项“免受温室效应影响”与“forced riders”无关。
48. Why does the author compare the “forced riders” to second-hand smokers?
- A. They have little responsibility for public health problems.
- B. They are vulnerable to unhealthy environmental conditions.
- C. They have to bear consequences they are not responsible for.
- D. They are unaware of the potential risks they are confronting.
答案：C
答案句：On the flip side, there are many “forced riders”, who are suffering from the climate change impacts despite having scarcely contributed to the problem. … This is much like a non-smoker getting cancer from second-hand smoke, while the heavy smoker is fortunate enough to smoke in good health.
参考译文：另一方面，有许多“被迫承受者”，尽管几乎没有造成问题，却在遭受气候变化的影响。… 这就像不吸烟者因二手烟患上癌症，而重度吸烟者却幸运地健康吸烟。
定位线索：题干“compare the 'forced riders' to second-hand smokers”→答案句取自第4段“forced riders”定义句及比喻句；文中“suffering from the climate change impacts despite having scarcely contributed”对应选项C“bear consequences they are not responsible for”；比喻中“non-smoker”对应“forced riders”。
解析：题干问为何将“forced riders”比作二手烟吸烟者。答案句先定义“forced riders”为“几乎没有贡献却受害”，再用比喻强调“不吸烟者因二手烟得癌”，核心是“承担非自身造成的后果”，对应C项。A项“对公共健康问题责任小”偏离气候变化主题；B项“易受不健康环境影响”过于宽泛；D项“未意识到风险”无中生有。例子本身不是答案，其前的定义句才是关键。
49. What does the author say about the $100 billion funding?
- A. It will motivate all nations to reduce carbon emissions.
- B. There is no final agreement on where it will come from.
- C. There is no clarification of how the money will be spent.
- D. It will effectively reduce greenhouse emissions worldwide.
答案：B
答案句：More than $100 billion in funding has been put on the table for supporting developing nations to reduce emissions. However, the agreement specifies that there is no formal distinction between developed and developing nations in their responsibility to cut emissions, effectively ignoring historical emissions. There is also very little detail on who will provide the funds or, importantly, who is responsible for their provision.
参考译文：超过1000亿美元的资金已被摆上桌面，用于支持发展中国家减排。然而，协议规定发达国家和发展中国家在减排责任上没有正式区别，实际上忽略了历史排放。关于谁将提供资金，或者重要的是，谁负责提供资金，细节也很少。
定位线索：题干“$100 billion funding”→答案句取自第6段“More than $100 billion in funding”；文中“very little detail on who will provide the funds”对应选项B“no final agreement on where it will come from”。
解析：题干问作者对1000亿美元资金的说法。答案句明确说“谁提供资金细节很少”，即资金来源未定，对应B项。A项“激励所有国家减排”无中生有；C项“钱如何花未明确”偷换概念，原文说来源而非用途；D项“有效减少全球排放”过度乐观，原文未提效果。