52. What is the appeal to common sense according to the author?
- A. It is the basis for the internalisation of individuals' ideologies.
- B. It is a series of conceptions formulated from complex reasoning.
- C. It is collective wisdom that helps people interact with new ideas.
- D. It is something subjective based on what one perceives to be right.
答案：D
答案句：The appeal to common sense, however, is usually nothing more than an appeal to thinking that just feels right, but what feels right to one person may not feel right to another. Whether it feels right is usually a reflection of the world view and ideologies we have internalised, and that frames how we interact with new ideas.
参考译文：然而，诉诸常识通常不过是对感觉正确的思考的诉求，但一个人感觉正确的，另一个人可能不觉得正确。它是否感觉正确，通常反映了我们已经内化的世界观和意识形态，而这构成了我们如何与新想法互动的框架。
定位线索：题干“appeal to common sense according to the author”→答案句取自第2段“The appeal to common sense...”；文中“thinking that just feels right”对应选项D“something subjective”；文中“what feels right to one person may not feel right to another”对应选项D“based on what one perceives to be right”。
解析：题干问作者认为诉诸常识是什么，答案句直接给出定义：诉诸常识是“对感觉正确的思考的诉求”，且因人而异，这体现了主观性。正确选项D“It is something subjective based on what one perceives to be right”是对该句的同义转述。错误选项A、B、C均与原文不符，A偷换概念（原文说常识是内化意识形态的反映，而非基础），B与原文“nothing more than”矛盾，C无中生有。
54. What can we do to be less susceptible to cognitive biases?
- A. Give equal weight to evidence of both sides in a conflict.
- B. Provide convincing examples in developing an argument.
- C. Establish socially shared cognition via scientific methods.
- D. Avoid inconsistencies when addressing controversial issues.
答案：C
答案句：One way we can check our internal biases and inconsistencies is through the social verification of knowledge, in which we test our ideas in a rigorous and systematic way to see if they make sense not just to us, but to other people. The outstanding example of this socially shared cognition is science.
参考译文：我们可以检查内部偏见和不一致性的一个方法是通过知识的社会验证，即以严谨和系统的方式测试我们的想法，看它们是否不仅对我们自己有意义，也对其他人有意义。这种社会共享认知的杰出例子是科学。
定位线索：题干“be less susceptible to cognitive biases”→答案句取自第5段“One way we can check our internal biases...”；文中“social verification of knowledge”对应选项C“socially shared cognition”；文中“rigorous and systematic way”对应选项C“scientific methods”。
解析：题干问如何减少认知偏见的影响，答案句明确指出“通过知识的社会验证”，即以严谨系统的方式测试想法，而“社会共享认知的杰出例子是科学”。正确选项C“Establish socially shared cognition via scientific methods”是对该句的同义转述。错误选项A、B、D均无中生有，原文未提及。