53. Why does Tenette Smith think a combination of teaching methods is ineffective?
- A. Elementary schoolchildren will be frustrated when taught with several methods combined.
- B. Phonics has to be systematically applied and clearly taught to achieve the desired effect.
- C. Sprinkling in a little phonics deters the progress of even adequately motivated children.
- D. Balanced literacy fails to sustain children's interest in developing a good reading habit.
答案：B
答案句：This combination of methods is ineffective. “You can't sprinkle in a little phonics,” says Tenette Smith, executive director of elementary education and reading at Mississippi's education department. “It has to be systematic and explicitly taught.”
参考译文：这种方法的组合是无效的。“你不能只撒一点点自然拼读法，”密西西比州教育部小学教育和阅读执行主任特内特·史密斯说，“它必须是系统的、明确地教授。”
定位线索：题干“Tenette Smith...combination...ineffective”→答案句取自第3段“You can't sprinkle in a little phonics...It has to be systematic and explicitly taught”；文中“systematic and explicitly taught”对应选项B“systematically applied and clearly taught”。
解析：题干问为什么特内特·史密斯认为教学方法组合无效。答案句中史密斯明确说“You can't sprinkle in a little phonics”（不能只撒一点点自然拼读法），并强调“It has to be systematic and explicitly taught”（必须系统、明确地教授），这正是选项B“Phonics has to be systematically applied and clearly taught to achieve the desired effect”的同义转述。选项A“children will be frustrated”（孩子会受挫）无中生有，文中未提及孩子感受；选项C“deters the progress”（阻碍进步）偷换概念，文中未提及动机或进步；选项D“fails to sustain children's interest”（无法维持兴趣）无中生有，文中未提及兴趣。
55. What have advances in statistics and brain imaging proved ineffective?
- A. The teaching of symbol-sound relationships.
- B. Explicit instruction in phonemic awareness.
- C. Efforts to end the reading wars.
- D. The immersive approach.
答案：D
答案句：Yet over two decades on, “balanced literacy” is still being taught in classrooms. But advances in statistics and brain imaging have disproved the whole-language method.
参考译文：然而二十多年过去了，“平衡读写”仍在课堂上教授。但统计学和脑成像的进步已经否定了整体语言法。
定位线索：题干“advances in statistics and brain imaging...proved ineffective”→答案句取自第6段“advances in statistics and brain imaging have disproved the whole-language method”；文中“whole-language method”对应选项D“The immersive approach”（沉浸式方法）。
解析：题干问统计学和脑成像的进步证明了什么无效。答案句明确说“advances in statistics and brain imaging have disproved the whole-language method”，即否定了整体语言法。而根据第3段，“whole language”就是“an immersive approach”（沉浸式方法），因此选项D正确。选项A“The teaching of symbol-sound relationships”（符号-声音关系的教学）即自然拼读法，文中说它有效，与题意相反；选项B“Explicit instruction in phonemic awareness”（音位意识的明确教学）是小组发现有效的方法，与题意相反；选项C“Efforts to end the reading wars”（结束阅读战争的努力）答非所问，文中未提及这些进步否定了结束阅读战争的努力。